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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1793....Chisholm v. Georgia…
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Led to the enactment of the 11th Amendment (1798), which established that federal courts have no authority in suits by citizens against a state, thus preventing a citizen of another statefrom suing a state
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1803....Marbury v. Madison…
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Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and void. The principle of “judicial review” was first asserted and established with this decision, although the Court first exercised the power of judicial review in Hylton v. United States in 1796 when it upheld the constitutionality of a Congressional tax
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1810....Fletcher v. Peck…
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First found a state law to be unconstitutional
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1816....Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee…
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Established the Court’s appellate power when “federal questions” are involved (see Cohens v. Virginia)
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1819....McCulloch v. Maryland….
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Upheld the doctrine of implied powers of the Constitution and allowed for a liberal interpretation by Congress
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1819....Dartmouth College v. Woodward…
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Ruled that a charter is a contract, which the Constitution protects against state legislative interference
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1821...Cohens v. Virginia…
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Along with Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, established that a uniform interpretation applied for “federal questions” and that the court’s scope of jurisdiction was founded on the doctrine of national supremacy
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1824....Gibbons v. Ogden…
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Established the basis for federal regulatory powers in the area of interstate commerce— it also established the precedent that Congress can invalidate contradictory laws of the states especially concerning the granting of monopoly privileges
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1827....Brown v. Maryland…
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Established the “original package” doctrine of goods if the “original package” were imports and subject to congressional and not state regulation
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1831....Cherokee Nation v. Georgia…
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Ruled that it had no jurisdiction since the Cherokee Nation was a “domestic dependent nation” with no standing in court either as citizens or as a foreign nation, thus upholding Georgia’s laws over the territory it claimed as its own
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1832....Worcester v. Georgia…
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Declared a Georgia law to be unconstitutional by ruling that Georgia laws were not applicable within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee nation and that Federal Jurisdiction over the Cherokee was exclusive
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1857....Dred Scott v. Sanford…
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Declared a Congressional Act to be unconstitutional, stating that Congress could not pass a law depriving citizens of their property without due process of law
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1866....Ex Parte Milligan…
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Declared that neither Congress nor the President could institute military tribunals to try civilians, even during wartime, in areas where civil courts were available as the Constitution “is a law for rules and people equally in war and in peace”
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1883....Civil Rights Cases…
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5 cases in which the Court restricted the scope of federal authority by holding that the 14th Amendment did not protect the invasion of civil rights by individuals In effect the Court allowed racial discrimination against blacks by private persons
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1896....Plessy v. Ferguson…
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Established a constitutional foundation for the “separate-but-equal” doctrine in upholding a Louisiana law requiring segregated railroad facilities since the separate black facilities were equal to the facilities for others
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1905....Lochner v. New York…
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Ruled that a 10-hour-day law for bakers was unconstitutional because it violated “freedom of contract” between employer and employee (reversed in 1937)
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1911....Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey et al. v. United States…
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Upheld the dissolution of the mighty company as it applied the “rule of reason” to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
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1911....U.S. v. American Tobacco Co.…
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Ordered the reorganization rather than the dissolution of the company based on the “rule of reason”
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1919....Schenck v. United States…
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Ruled that the government cannot restrict freedom of speech unless the speech creates a “clear and present danger” leading to evils that Congress is empowered to protect against
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1925....Gitlow v. New York…
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Along with other cases from 1925 to 1932, established that most of the guarantees in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution were applicable to the states
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1935....Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States…
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“Sick Chicken Case” unanimously invalidating the National Industrial Recovery Act by ruling that Congress could not “delegate legislative” powers to the executive and could not regulate wholly intrastate business
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1937....National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation…
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Decided that the federal government is empowered to regulate local labor union activities, upholding the Wayne Act
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1952....Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer…
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Ruled that President Truman’s seizure of the nation’s steel mills to prevent a strike was unconstitutional—this was the first time a presidential action was ruled unconstitutional
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1954 ....Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka…
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Reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision that established the “separate but equal” doctrine and thus declared for the first time that segregation was unconstitutional
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1957....Roth v. United States…
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Defined obscenity and ruled that the 1st Amendment to the Constitution does not protect the publication of obscene material
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1961....Mapp v. Ohio…
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Eliminated the use of evidence obtained by illegal means from criminal trials
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1962....Baker v. Carr…
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Allowed courts to listen to citizens’ complains about unequal election districts, ended reapportionment of political districts in favor of rural areas, and led to reapportionment decisions based on a “one man, one vote” basis
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1962....Engel v. Vitale…
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Ruled a non-denominational prayer by the New York Board of Regents to be unconstitutional
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1963....School District of Abington Township v. Schempp…
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Struck down the state law requiring the reading of the Bible and the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer
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1964....New York Times v. Sullivan…
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Held that public officials acting in an official capacity could not sue for libel unless they proved actual malice
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1964....Gideon v. Wainright…
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Extended coverage of the 14th Amendment to indigent defendants for courtappointed counsel
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1964....Reynolds v. Sims…
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Declared that all state legislators must be elected by the rule of “one person, one vote” meaning that election districts must be roughly equal in population
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1964....Escobedo v. Illinois…
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Prohibited a confession from being used as evidence if the accused person has been denied permission to see a lawyer
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1966....Miranda v. Arizona…
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Established the Miranda Rule that suspects must be informed of their rights
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1971....New York Times Company v. United States…
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“Pentagon Papers Case” holding that prior censorship by the government was unconstitutional and any attempt to block publication would violate the 1st Amendment
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1972....Furman v. Georgia…
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Ruled that the death penalty imposed by state courts was unconstitutional under the 8th and 14th Amendments
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1972....Branzburg v. Hayes…
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Held that reporters were not constitutionally privileged under the 1st Amendment to refuse to reveal their sources to a valid grand Jury during an investigation or criminal trial
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1973....Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton…
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Struck down two state laws banning abortion during the first six months of pregnancy as a violation of privacy based on the 14th Amendment, and, by implication, overturned restrictive abortion laws in 44 other states
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1973....Miller v. California…
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Established a detailed set of standards for evaluating obscenity and thus gave more power to states and local governments to determine what material is obscene
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1974....United States v. Richard Nixon…
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Held that the Supreme Court and not the President is the final judge of the Constitution
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1978....Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke…
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Prohibited specific quotas from being used by university and college admission programs to achieve racial balance
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1980....Diamond v. Chakrabarty…
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Upheld patent of creating new lifeforms from manmade microorganisms
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1986....Bowers v. Hardwick…
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Refused to extend any constitutional right of privacy to homosexual activity
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1986....Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson…
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Ruled that sexual harassment is a form of discrimination prohibited under the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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1995....U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton…
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Ruled that states cannot limit the number of terms their senators and representatives may serve in Congress
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1996....Romer v. Evans…
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Struck down a Colorado constitutional provision that barred legislation protecting homosexuals from discrimination
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1997....Clinton v. Jones…
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Declared that a sitting President does not have temporary immunity from a lawsuit for actions outside the realm of official duties
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2000....Bush v. Gore…
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Ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the 2000 election could not continue because the inconsistent evaluation standards in different Florida counties violated the equal protection clause, a ruling that, in effect, handed the election to Bush
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2003....Gratz v. Bollinger…
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University of Michigan case ruling that colleges and universities cannot use point systems blindly in favoring minority applicants
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2003....Gruttner v. Bollinger…
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Michigan Law School case ruling that colleges and universities may favor minority students as long as each applicant’s background is fully assessed
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2003....Lawrence et al. v. Texas…
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Ruled that homosexuals are entitled to the right of privacy and that private sexual conduct is not a crime
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