Historic Preservation Test 2

Front 1

style

Back 1

a particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people or period

Front 2

vernacular

Back 2

a style of architecture exemplifying the commonest building techniques based on the forms and materials of a particular historical period, region, or group of people

Front 3

What are the 5 styles of columns?

Back 3

based on diameter--Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian (Greek orders adopted by Romans), and Tuscan and Composite (Roman in origin)

Front 4

cornice

Back 4

the uppermost member of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding

Front 5

frieze

Back 5

the horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief

Front 6

architrave

Back 6

the lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting the frieze

Front 7

capital

Back 7

the distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave

Front 8

entablature

Back 8

horizontal section of classical order that rests on the columns, usually composed of a cornice, frieze, and architrave

Front 9

Doric

Back 9

oldest (7th century B.C.)
Simplest- no base, fluted column, plain cushion shaped capital, square abacus, plain architrave, and a frieze with triglyphs and metotope

Front 10

Ionic

Back 10

Greek origin in Asia Minor colonies in 6th century
 Spiral volutes, curls of hair or rams’ horns, on the capital and elaborate entablatures including egg-and-dart molding and dentils

Front 11

Corinthian

Back 11

Greek origin in 4th century but used most by Romans
 Most ornate and complex with a deep bell-shaped capital or acanthus leaves

Front 12

Tuscan

Back 12

simplified Roman Doric
 Unfluted column shaft, plain base, no decoration in the entablature

Front 13

Composite

Back 13

Roman combination of Corinthian bell with Ionic volutes
 Especially in the United States and other colonial architecture, the orders are modified further

Front 14

Archeaologists v. Preservationists

Back 14

o A- seek to answer questions about the nature of human culture and society
o P- engage in or support the action of preserving; to maintain or keep alive, such as a memory or quality

Front 15

How do we figure out method of construction

Back 15

• Experimental Archaeology: a branch of archaeology that studies ancient technology by reproducing it or by recreating a type of site to study the processes of site formation

Front 16

How do we identify original decoration?

Back 16

• Survey and “excavation”
• Refer to historical record

Front 17

How do we determine a building’s age?

Back 17

• Materials: local vs. machine vs. mass produced
• Construction techniques: from post-and-girt to balloon frames
• Styles: Classical (Ancient and Renaissance), Medieval, or Modern

Front 18

Wood Framing

Back 18

• 1st: logs
• 2nd: post-and-girt
• 3rd: braced frame
• 4th: balloon frame
• 5th: platform frame

Front 19

load bearing walls

Back 19

the forces are distributed in a triangle throughout the material of the wall

Front 20

stretcher

Back 20

a brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the longer edge exposed or parallel to the surface

Front 21

header

Back 21

a brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the longer end exposed or parallel to the surface

Front 22

rowlock

Back 22

brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the shorter end exposed (mollock)

Front 23

soldier

Back 23

a brick laid vertically with the longer face edge exposed

Front 24

sailor

Back 24

a brick laid vertically with the broad face exposed

Front 25

shiner

Back 25

brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the broad face exposed (bull stretcher)

Front 26

English

Back 26

stretcher and header courses alternate

Front 27

common

Back 27

3, 5, or 7 courses of stretchers between single courses of headers

Front 28

Flemish

Back 28

stretchers and headers alternate within the same courses (varying patterns)

Front 29

Ancient Classical (timeline)

Back 29

3000BC-300CE

Front 30

Medieval (timeline)

Back 30

architecture of the European Middle Ages: Byzantine, pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic (476-c1500)

Front 31

Renaissance Classical (timeline)

Back 31

inspired by Ancient Classicism and occuring in the 15th and 16th centuries

Front 32

Modern (timeline)

Back 32

20th century architecture styles - some uniquely American, American in origin, or international in influence

Front 33

main reasons for alterations

Back 33

update appearance of building, add living space, and minimize maintenance

Front 34

why aren't historic records enough?

Back 34

not everything gets recorded and second records get lost. the archaeological record can substantiate, supplement, and refine the written record. physical analysis gets us info and a level of detail not otherwise available.

Front 35

techniques above and below ground

Back 35

dating: absolute dating like dendochronology or radiometeric dating (can be expensive!), or relative dating like geochronology or stratigraphic sequencing. Surveying: field walking, sonar/radar, and sampling

Front 36

from the dirt down..

Back 36

Ex/ Drayton Hall Field School 2005--looking for slave quarters. Found what they believe was a stable. Used techniques like ground-penetrating radar and shovel tests

Front 37

from the dirt up...

Back 37

trying to figure out age of buildings and structures. use, design or decoration of buildings and structures originally or during its period of significance. traditional construction techniques, and original location

Front 38

how do we determine original use?

Back 38

artifacts, ecofacts, features, and historical record if available

Front 39

19th century foundations

Back 39

pier foundations-wood or masonry piers. basement wall foundations-load bearing walls (i.e. stone, masonry, or concrete). perimeter wall foundations-shallow basement wall foundations

Front 40

issues with wood?

Back 40

fungus-varies with humidity (e.g. dry rot and wet rot)
insects-varies geographically (e.g. termites and beetles)
Stressed- e.g. bending and sheer

Front 41

solid masonry

Back 41

a wall constructed with brick or other solid masonry units laid continuously

Front 42

types of masonry

Back 42

sod, adobe (unfired) brick, fired brick, clay tile, uncut stone, cut stone, concrete block, composite masonry

Front 43

post and girt

Back 43

heavy timber fram with hewn joints

Front 44

braced frame

Back 44

combination of heavy timber frame with hewn joints and two-by-fours for floor support

Front 45

platform frame

Back 45

built of two-by-fours with nailed joints

Front 46

balloon frame

Back 46

built of two by fours with nailed joints