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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Role of gynaecological cytology in clinical pathology
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Pap smears performed upon symptomatic and unsymptomatic women, in order to highlight precancerous changes in the cervix, but also to detect benign infections of the cervix.
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What are the characteristics of microscopically normal cells in a pap smear
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Normal N:C ratio, normal chromatin distribution, finely defined nuclear borders
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List and describe squamous and glandular cells found in a normal pap smear (using 3 key diagnostic features) - learn to compare/contrast (similarities/differences) e.g. endocervical cells vs. endometrial cells parabasal cells v. intermediate cells
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Endometrial cells, Endocervical cells, superficial, intermediate and parabasal cells.
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How is a specimen for a pap test collected and prepared?
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Two methods, conventional and thin prep method.
Conventional method: Specimen used from transformation zone. Then fixed in 95% alcohol - then staining papinicolaou stain Alternative thin prep, brush goes in to the fixative. |
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3 diagnostic features used in cytology
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1. Nucelar features
2. Cytoplasmic features 3. Cellular grouping |
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Non-gynaecological cytology in clinical pathology
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checking for malignancy in patients often in high risk groups, or when clinical features suspect malignancy
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Endometrial cells vs endometrial cells (describe normal)
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- EM cells have coarser chromatin
- both EM and EC cells have nuclei eccentrically placed - EM tight 3D clusters - EC picket fence and honeycomb - EC secretory vacuole - EC cilia and terminal bar |
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Parabasal vs. intermediate cells
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size, granulation more common in intermediate cells
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What are the cytoplasmic diagnostic features?
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• nucleus to cytoplasm ratio (N/C)
• shape • cytoplasmic borders • texture (dense, foamy) • products of functional adaptation (cilia, mucus secretion) • differentiation (squamous vs. glandular) • indication of maturity (squamous cell) |
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List non epithelial cells that may be present in a pap smear
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RBC, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Macrophages
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What are the two types of epithelial cells?
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Glandular cells and squamous cells
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What are the types of glandular cells?
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endocervical cells and endometrial cells
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What are the types of squamous cells?
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superficial
intermediate metaplastic parabasal |
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What information do nuclear properties reveal
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Reveals the biological potential of the cell
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What are the nuclear features to assess?
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- location
- size, N/C = nuclear - cytoplasmic ratio - shape - nuclear membrane (smooth, even, uneven, irregular) - chromatin (fine, coarse, even/uneven distribution) - chromasia (hyperchromatic = dark, hypochromatic = pale) - nucleoli (a sign of active protein production) |
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What do cytoplasmic features reveal in cells
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Functional activity
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What cytoplasmic features to assess
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- Shows the current functional activity of the cells including the type of differentiation and the maturity of the cells.
--cell size (N/C) --cell shape --cytoplasmic borders (well/ill defined) --Staining reaction (eosinophilic, cyanophilic, amphophilic - Products of functional adaptation (pigments, mucin) - Vacuolation (e.g. mucin vacuoles → glandular finely vacuolated → renal cells) |
