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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is referred to as the effect of variety of stresses due to etiological agents a cell encounters resulting to changes in its internal and external environmental? |
Cellular injury |
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During hypoxic & toxic cell injury, after a reduced cellular ATP, what happens first before reduction in protein synthesis? |
Detachment of ribosomes from ER |
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During hypoxic & toxic cell injury, there will be a reduced cellular ATP -> reduced Na+/K+ pump activity -> Na+ influx -> obligatory water absorption, then, what will be the result/product? |
Cellular swelling |
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During hypoxic & toxic cell injury, there will be an increased anaerobic glycolysis -> accumulation of lactic acid -> reduced intracellular pH -> then, what will be the result/product? |
Decreased activity of enzymes |
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Which enzyme is responsible for cell membrane damage? |
Phospholypases |
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Which enzyme is responsible for DNA & chromatin fragmentation? |
Endonucleases |
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Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of membrane & cytoskeletal proteins? |
Proteases |
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During mitochondrial damage, an decrease in ATP results to damage to lipids, proteins, DNA. (TRUE or FALSE) |
FALSE! During mitochondrial damage, it is the increase in ROS that results to damage to lipids, proteins, DNA. Whereas the decrease in ATP results to multiple downstream effects. |
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During entry of Ca2+, there will be an increase in mitochondrial permeability and activation of multiple cellular enzymes. (TRUE or FALSE) |
True |
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Enumerate the types of membrane damages and give their result: |
Plasma membrane damage: Loss of cellular components. Lysosomal: Enzymatic digestion of cellular components. |
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Protein misfolding and DNA damage result to: |
Activation of pro-apoptotic proteins |
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Enumerate the causes of atrophy : |
- Decreased workload - Loss of innervation - Diminished blood supply - Inadequate nutrition - Loss of endocrine stimulation - Aging |
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Atrophy is accompanied by: |
Increased autophagy |
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What activates ubiquitin ligase, and accelerates proteolysis? |
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway |
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Which pathway induces the genes that stimulate protein synthesis and results to hypertrophy? |
Signal Transduction Pathway |
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Enumerate the causes of Metaplasia: |
- Persistent irritation - Infection - Malnutrition |
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What is referred to as the proliferation and atypical Cytologic alterations? |
Deranged Development during Dysplasia |
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Dysplasia is an adaptive mechanism. (TRUE or FALSE) |
False! Dysplasia is not an adaptive mechanism, but a change for the worse. |
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Enumerate the reversible effects of cell injury: |
- aggregation of intramembranous particles - ER swelling - dispersion of ribososmes - mitochondrial swelling - small densities in mitochondria - autophagy by lysosomes - clumping of nuclear chromatin - generalized swelling - blebs |
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Enumerate the irreversible effects of cellular injury: |
- defects in cell membrane - myeline figures - lysis of ER - mitochondrial swelling - large densities in mitochondria - nuclear: pyknosis / karyolysis / karyorrhexis - rupture of lysosomes and autolysis |
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Which type of necrosis results from action of powerful hydrolytic enzymes; is best examined by BRAIN INFARCTION brought about ischemic destruction of brain tissue? |
Liquefaction Necrosis |
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Which type of necrosis results from total occlusion of supplying vessels especially in solid organs? |
Coagulative Necrosis |
