Histology1&2

Front 1

Explain the functions of the different types of blood vessels.

Back 1

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Front 2

The ______ is Modified vessel specialized for pumping.

Back 2

Heart –

Front 3

the _______ are series of efferent vessels; carries blood to the capillaries

Back 3

Arteries –

Front 4

the ________ are a diffuse network of thin tubules that anastomose profusely and
through whose walls the interchange between blood and tissue takes place.

Back 4

Capillaries –

Front 5

_________ represent the convergence of capillaries into a system of larger
channels that conveys blood containing products of metabolism(carbon dioxide, etc) to the heart

Back 5

Veins –

Front 6

Describe and visualize the different tunics or layers of the components of the
cardiovascular (blood vessels and heart) and lymphatic systems. Identify structures that are located in these layers.

Back 6

-

Front 7

TUNICA INTIMA consists of three layers. 1) ________ which is single layer of squamous cells which rests on a basal lamina and has a
1% turnover rate per day.
2) _______ which is a thin layer of loose C.T. that may contain smooth muscle cells.
3) _________ which is a thin layer of elastin containing fenestrae that
allow substances to diffuse to and nourish cells.

Back 7

endothelium –
subendothelium –
Internal elastic lamina-

Front 8

__________ consists of concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells. Interposed between the layers are elastic laminae, elastic fibers, and type III collagen.

Back 8

Tunica media –

Front 9

_________ is Loose C.T. containing type I collagen that becomes continuous with C.T. of the organ through which the vessel runs.

Back 9

Tunica adventitia –

Front 10

Describe and recognize the different types of blood vessels.

Back 10

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Front 11

In large vessels, blood vessels called __________ branch profusely in the t. adventitia and outer portions of the t. media to provide nutrients to the cells of these structures. The inner portions of the t. media
derive their nutrients by diffusion from the lumen.

Back 11

vasa vasorum

Front 12

_______ are classified on the basis of size and characteristics of the t. media.

Back 12

Arteries –

Front 13

__________ arteries are:
a. >1 cm diameter
b. include the aorta and its large branches.
c. thick subendothelial layer
d. 40-60 layers of smooth muscle cells in the t. media.

Back 13

Large, Elastic, Conducting

Front 14

__________ arteries are:
a. 2-10 mm diameter
b. 25-40 layers of smooth muscle cells in the t. media.
c. less elastin in the t. media than elastic arteries.
d. internal and external elastic laminae usually prominent.

Back 14

Medium, Muscular, Distributing, Named

Front 15

_______ arteries are:
a. 0.1 - 2 mm
b. 4-24 layers of smooth muscle cells in the t. media.
c. internal elastic lamina may be present

Back 15

Small

Front 16

_________ are
a. 10-100 μm
b. 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells in the t. media.
c. lacks an internal elastic lamina.
d. serve as flow regulators for the capillary beds.
e. PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS: slight thickening of smooth muscle at the origins of capillary bed; can reduce or shut off blood to the capillaries.

Back 16

Arterioles

Front 17

__________ are
1. 4-10 μm; smallest diameter of the blood vessels
2. ave. total length of all capillaries: 50,000-60,000 miles
3. lined by a single layer of endothelial cells; may be more than 1 endothelial cell
in cross section.
4. fluid containing gases, nutrients, waste products, etc. can pass through the
thin walls via pinocytic vesicles.

Back 17

Capillaries

Front 18

__________ capillaries are:
1) endothelial cells interconnected by tight and gap junctions.
2) found esp. in muscle, CNS, skin, exocrine glands.

Back 18

Continuous

Front 19

__________ capillaries are:
1) fenestrae (openings) present in the walls of capillary.
2) encountered in tissues where rapid interchange occurs between the
tissues and blood (e.g. kidney, endocrine glands, and intestine.

Back 19

Fenestrated

Front 20

__________ capillaries are:
1) Typically found in the spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
2) larger in diameter than the other two.
3) junctions normally not present between endothelial cells; may have
gaps between neighboring cells.
4) many fenestrae present.

Back 20

Discontinuous (sinusoidal capillaries)

Front 21

________ are:
a. associated primarily with continuous type capillaries and venules.
b. contain myosin, actin, tropomyosin suggesting a contractile capability.
c. after tissue injury, they proliferate and differentiate to form new vessels
and connective tissue.

Back 21

Pericytes

Front 22

____________ veins or venule (10-100 μm) are:
a) 10-50 μm diameter
b) single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by pericytes

Back 22

postcapillary

Front 23

____________ veins are:
a) 50-100 μm diameter
b) t. intima present
c) t. media with 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells
d) thin t. adventitia present

Back 23

muscular

Front 24

____________ veins have:
1) t. intima present
2) t. media containing smooth muscle cells that increases with diameter
3) t. adventitia present
4) valves present to prevent backflow of blood

Back 24

Small (0.1-1 mm) to Medium (1-10 mm)

Front 25

In _______ veins:
1) t. intima contains some smooth muscle cells
2) t. media relatively thin and contains circumferentially arranged smooth
muscle cells
3) boundary between t. intima and t. media indistinct
4) t. adventitia thickest of veins and contains longitudinal bundles of
smooth muscle cells.

Back 25

Large (>1 cm)

Front 26

________ are:
a) semilunar folds of the t. intima
b) occur in pairs
c) free margins directed towards the heart

Back 26

Valves

Front 27

1) cerebral & meningeal vv.
2) dural venous sinuses
3) vv. of retina & bones
lack a ________

Back 27

t. media

Front 28

5. Illustrate the organization of the heart and the heart conduction system.

Back 28

--

Front 29

the _________ is a point of attachment for cardiac muscle
and contains opening for conduction system

Back 29

Cardiac skeleton

Front 30

The Cardiac skeleton consists of 3 parts
a) _______ (dense C.T.)
b) _______ (dense C.T.)
c) _______

Back 30

annuli fibrosi
trigona fibrosa
septum membranaceum

Front 31

the ______ consists of loose C.T. plus a layer of mesothelium

Back 31

Pericardium –

Front 32

The _______ consists of loose C.T. containing blood vessels & nerves that supply the heart. It is equivalent to t. adventitia of vessels

Back 32

Epicardium

Front 33

The _______ is a single layer endothelial cells
It is a subendothelial layer of C.T. containing elastic and collagen fibers plus
some smooth muscle cells.
The ______ portion of this contains veins, nerves and branches of impulse
conduction system
The entire ________ is equivalent to t. intima of vessels

Back 33

Endocardium
subendocardium
Endocardium

Front 34

The __________ consists of anastomosing myocardial cells which are interconnected end-to-end
by intercalated disks and side-to-side by gap junctions

Back 34

myocardium

Front 35

The myocardium has an interstitium filled with loose C.T. called

Back 35

endomysium

Front 36

thickness of myocardium varies: thinnest in the _____ and thickest in the _____.

Back 36

atria
ventricles

Front 37

myocardial cells grouped into three populations:
a) _______(working cells)
b) _______(nodal cells – smaller than working cells)
c) _______ (Purkinje cells-larger than working cells)

Back 37

contractile cells
impulse-generating cells impulse-conducting cells

Front 38

Heart _______ are:
1) dense fibrous C.T. lined on both sides by endothelium
2) bases attached to the annuli fibrosa of the cardiac skeleton

Back 38

Valves

Front 39

________________ is:
1) produced by myocardial cells of the atrium
2) acts on kidney to cause loss of sodium (natriuresis) and water
(diuresis); opposes effects of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

Back 39

e. Atrial Naturetic Factor (cardionatrin, atriopeptin)

Front 40

Illustrate the hearts conduction system.

Back 40

--

Front 41

in the hearts impulse Conducting System, impulse is initiated in the sinoatrial (S.A.) node by nodal cells located in
the epicardium near the junction of the ________ and _________.

Back 41

sup. vena cava
right atrium

Front 42

impulse spreads to nodal cells of the atrioventricular (A.V.) node
located in the ________ of the septal wall of the right atrium.

Back 42

Subendocardium

Front 43

impulse from the A-V node conducted across the cardiac skeleton by the ____________

Back 43

A-V bundle (of His)

Front 44

A-V bundle divides into left and right branches; consists of Purkinje
cells traveling in the ________ layer; impulse passes to the
ventricular cardiac muscle cells (working cells)

Back 44

subendocardial

Front 45

____________ originate from the vagus nerve.
a) synapse with postganglionic neurons located near the S-A and the
A-V nodes.
b) functions to slow the heart rate and reduces the force of the
heartbeat

Back 45

parasympathetic fibers

Front 46

__________ originate in lat. horns of spinal cord segments T1-T6
a) post-ganglionic fibers terminate at the S-A and AV nodes
b) function to increase heart rate and force of contraction

Back 46

sympathetic fibers

Front 47

Describe the organization and function of lymphatic vessels.

Back 47

--

Front 48

blind-end lymphatic capillaries consists of a single layer of __________. The cells of which are loosely connected and often slightly overlap with each other

Back 48

endothelium

Front 49

Capillaries converge into larger lymphatic vessels and finally into the largest
trunks: _______ and ___________. These larger vessels have a structure similar to veins except that they ave thinner walls and there is no clear-cut separations between the intima, media, and
adventitia. Valves are present in the lymphatic vessels (exc. capillaries).

Back 49

thoracic duct
right lymphatic trunk