Histology- Urinary System

Front 1

what are the 3 functions of the kidney?

Back 1

filtration of blood
removal of metabolic waste
reabsorption of useful metabolites

Front 2

what hormone does the kidney secrete?

Back 2

renin

Front 3

what is the function of renin?

Back 3

regulation of blood pressure

Front 4

what does the kidney produce?

Back 4

hemopoietin

Front 5

what is the function of hemopoietin?

Back 5

regulate production of RBC's

Front 6

what are kidneys embedded in and covered by?

Back 6

embedded in deposits of fat and are covered by a connective tissue capsule which may contain smooth muscle fibers

Front 7

what is the parenchyma divided in the kidney?

Back 7

into an outer cortex (dark red) and inner medulla (light colored)

Front 8

what are the 2 classifications of kidneys?

Back 8

multilobar or multi-pyramidal
unilobar or unipyramidal kidney

Front 9

what animals have multilobar kidneys?

Back 9

pigs and bovine

Front 10

what animals have unilobar kidneys?

Back 10

cats, dogs, horses, sheep, and goat

Front 11

what passes through the hilus of a kidney?

Back 11

blood vessels, nerves, and ureter

Front 12

what are the 6 parts of a nephron?

Back 12

renal corpuscle: glomerular and glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
proximal straight tubule
thin tubule: descending and ascending parts
distal straight tubule
distal convoluted tubule

Front 13

what are the two types of tubules in the collecting duct system

Back 13

arched collecting duct (connecting tubules)
collecting duct (straight collecting tubules)

Front 14

what are the 3 types of ducts in the collecting duct system?

Back 14

cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct
papillary duct

Front 15

what makes up the uriniferous tubule (renal tubule)?

Back 15

nephron + collecting duct system

Front 16

what is the renal corpuscle made up of?

Back 16

glomerulus and glomerular (bowmans) capsule

Front 17

where do the arterioles (afferent/ efferent) enter and leave in the kidney?

Back 17

vascular pole

Front 18

where do proximal convoluted tubules begin in the kidney?

Back 18

urinary pole

Front 19

what is the glomerulus composed of?

Back 19

several loops of branching and anastomosing capillaries with afferent/ efferent arterioles

Front 20

what the capillaries of the glomerulus lined with?

Back 20

porous epithelial cells

Front 21

what types of cells are located between capillaries of the glomerulus?

Back 21

mesengial or intercapillary cells

Front 22

what do the stellate cells in the glomerulus synthesize?

Back 22

extracellular matrix which supports the capillary walls

Front 23

what seperates the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries from the mesangial cells in the glomerulus?

Back 23

glomerular basement membrane

Front 24

what are the layers of the glomerular capsule?

Back 24

parietal
visceral
in between- urinary space

Front 25

what is the parietal glomerular capsule layer composed of?

Back 25

simple squamous epithelium

Front 26

what is the visercal glomerular layer made up of?

Back 26

podocytes- octopus like cells

Front 27

what seperates the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and podocytes?

Back 27

the basement membrane

Front 28

what are the secondary processes that the primary podocytes give rise to ?

Back 28

pedicles

Front 29

what do pedicles do?

Back 29

embrace the capillaries of the glomerulus

Front 30

what is the space between interdigitating pedicles?

Back 30

filtration slits.

Front 31

what are filtration slits bridged by ?

Back 31

slit diaphragms

Front 32

what are the three parts of the filtration barrier?

Back 32

glomerular endothelium (has pores)
glomerular basement membrane
glomerular epithelium (visceral layer of bowmans capsule)

Front 33

what are PCT lined by?

Back 33

simple cubiodal or columnar epithelium

Front 34

what type of cytoplasm does PCT have?

Back 34

acidophillic

Front 35

what does the apex of the PCT has on its surface, and what does that form?

Back 35

microvilli, brush border

Front 36

what are basal striations due to in the PCT?

Back 36

due to infolding of the membrane and the alignment of mitochondria

Front 37

what does PCT continue into?

Back 37

proximal straight (descending limb) tubules

Front 38

what is the difference in PCT and proximal straight tubulues, histologically?

Back 38

there are less brush border cells in the straight tubules

Front 39

what does the thin tubule form?

Back 39

the thin descending limb and the thin ascending limb of the loop of henle.

Front 40

what epithelium lines the thin tubules?

Back 40

simple squamous epithelium

Front 41

what are the nuclei like in the thin tubules?

Back 41

somewhat flattened, protrude into the lumen.

Front 42

DCT are ____ than PCT, therefore, fewer profiles of DCT are seen in the cortex.

Back 42

shorter

Front 43

what are DCT lined by?

Back 43

simple cubiodal epithelium

Front 44

In which tubules is the lumen larger, PCT or DCT?

Back 44

DCT

Front 45

in which tubules are cells smaller and flatter, PCT or DCT?

Back 45

DCT

Front 46

in which tubules are brush borders apparent, PCT or DCT?

Back 46

PCT

Front 47

what does the Juxtaglomerular appartaus consist of, 3 things.

Back 47

macula densa
juxtraglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

Front 48

the macula densa is a modified segment between the communication between the ____ ___ of the renal corpuscles and the ___ ___ .

Back 48

vascular pole of the renal corpuscles and the distal tubule.

Front 49

what type of cells does the macula densa become, and what are their nuclei like?

Back 49

become columnar with closely packed nuclei

Front 50

what is the function of the macula densa?

Back 50

to regulate the rate of filtration

Front 51

the cells of the macula densa are sensitive to ___ ion content of the ___ fluid, producing molecular signals to promote the ___ of the glomerular afferent arteriole.

Back 51

chloride ion
tubular fluid
constrict the glomerular afferent arteriole

Front 52

what type of cells is the JG made up of in the tunica media?

Back 52

smooth muscle cells

Front 53

where are the JG cells in the JG apparatus?

Back 53

next to the macula densa

Front 54

where are the smooth muscle JG cells of the tunica media modified?

Back 54

afferent arteriole

Front 55

how are the JG smooth muscle cells modified?

Back 55

they have ellipsoid nuclei and their cytoplasm is filled with secretory granules.

Front 56

what are JG cells stimulated by?

Back 56

reduced blood pressure

Front 57

JG cells produce the hormone ___ which acts on the _____ (plasma protein) to form _____ which is converted to ___ by the converting enzyme in the lungs.

Back 57

renin
angiotensinogen
angiotensin I
angiotensin II

Front 58

what does angiotensin II cause?

Back 58

vasoconstriction of the arterioles and raises blood pressure

Front 59

what are the cells between macula densa and arterioles?

Back 59

extraglomerular mesangial cells

Front 60

what are the extraglomerular mesangial cells contiunous with?

Back 60

mesangial cells of the glomerulus a

Front 61

what is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells?

Back 61

uncertain

Front 62

what connects the DCT to a collecting duct?

Back 62

arched collecting duct

Front 63

what are arched collecting ducts lined by?

Back 63

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 64

what are smaller collecting ducts line by?

Back 64

simple cubiodal epithelium

Front 65

how are the borders between smaller collecting ducts distinguished?

Back 65

because of their relatively straight lateral cell membrane

Front 66

what are larger collecting ducts lined by?

Back 66

simple columnar epithelium

Front 67

in papillary ducts, the epithelium is __ layered and becomes ___ towards the opening.

Back 67

two layered
transitional toward the epithelium

Front 68

what are a major component of urine-concentrating mechanism ?

Back 68

collecting ducts

Front 69

what is the flow through arteries in the kidney

Back 69

renal artery->interlobar arteries-> arcuate arteries -> interlobular aa.

Front 70

what is the flow through the nephron in the kidneys?

Back 70

afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> descending vasa recta -> peritubular capillary network -> ascending vasa recta (venules)

Front 71

what is the flow through the veins of the kidney?

Back 71

interlobular vein-> arcuate vein-> interlobar vein -> renal vein

Front 72

the interstiitum or stroma of the kidney is located where?

Back 72

between renal tubules and blood vessels

Front 73

the interstitum of the kidney is sparse in the ___ and plentiful in the __.

Back 73

sparse in the cortex
plentiful in the inner medulla

Front 74

what does the interstitum of the kidney consist of?

Back 74

collagen fibrils and some fibroblasts

Front 75

___ ___ interstitial cells are prominent in the inner medulla. The function of these cells is uncertain.

Back 75

lipid laden

Front 76

what are the 3 urinary passages?

Back 76

1. calyces and renal pelvis
2. ureter
3. urinary bladder

Front 77

what are calyces and renal pelvis lined by? What is underlying calyces and renal pelvis?

Back 77

lined by transisitional epithelium
underlying loose connective tissue layer.

Front 78

In horses, ____ ___ are present under the epithelium. and is responsible for what?

Back 78

mucous glands
responsible for mucous in the urine

Front 79

the mucous glands of the horse that are present in the calyces and renal pelvis are what type of glands?

Back 79

simple branched tubuloalveolar glands

Front 80

in the ureter, the __ is folded and bears a ___ epithelium.

Back 80

mucosa is folded
transitional epithelium

Front 81

what layer from the tunica mucosa is missing in the ureter?

Back 81

lamina muscularis

Front 82

in horses ___ ___ contains tubuloalveolar mucous glands in the ureter?

Back 82

propria- submucosa

Front 83

the tunica muscularis (in the ureter) has three ill defined layers: ___ and ____ ____ an a middle ___ layer.

Back 83

inner and outer longitudinal layer and a middle circular layer

Front 84

the tunica adventica or serosa of the ureter is composed of ___ ___ ___ with __ ___ and ___.

Back 84

loose connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves

Front 85

what are the layers like in the urinary bladder?

Back 85

the same as the ureter.
all the layers except for lamina muscularis for both the ureter and u. bladder

Front 86

the ___ epithelium becomes increasingly flattened as the bladder ___.

Back 86

transitional
fills

Front 87

the lamina muscularis is present in the bladder in which animals?

Back 87

horses, ruminants, dogs, and pigs

Front 88

in which animal is the lamina muscularis absent in the u. bladder?

Back 88

cats

Front 89

what are the smooth muscles of the tunica muscularis of the u. bladder called?

Back 89

detrusor mm.

Front 90

what are the detrusor mm. composed of?

Back 90

irregularly shaped interweaving bundles (not well layered)

Front 91

what do the testes produce?

Back 91

spermatozoa and hormones

Front 92

what is the function of the epididymus?

Back 92

transport and maturation of spermatozoa

Front 93

what is ductus deferens function?

Back 93

transport of spermatozoa

Front 94

what are the 4 accessory sex glands?

Back 94

1. ampulla of ductus deferens
2. prostate
3. vesicular gland
4. bulbourethral gland

Front 95

what is the function of accessory sex glands?

Back 95

produce seminal plasma

Front 96

what is the capsule called that surrounds testis?

Back 96

tunica albuginea

Front 97

what is the tunica albuginea composed of?

Back 97

mostly collagen fibers
few elastic fibers
and smooth muscle

Front 98

what is the tunica albuginea covered by?

Back 98

visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

Front 99

the tunica albuginea has a vascular layer formed by?

Back 99

testicular arteries and veins

Front 100

septuli testis are connective tissue trabeculae that extend into the ___ ____.

Back 100

tunica albuginea

Front 101

septuli testis divides the testicular ____ into varying number of testicular ___.

Back 101

parenchyma
testicular lobules

Front 102

how many seminiferous tubules are inside of a testicular lobule?

Back 102

one to four

Front 103

septuli testis is continous with the ____ ___, a connective tissue area containing the rete testes and blood vessels.

Back 103

mediastinum testis

Front 104

the mediastinum testis is well developed in ___, ___, and ___, whereas poorly developed in ___.

Back 104

ruminants, pigs and dogs
poorly developed in horses

Front 105

what are the two portions of each seminiferous tubule?

Back 105

convoluted portion (tubuli contori) and a straight portion (tubuli recti)

Front 106

what are the three histological components of seminiferous tubules?

Back 106

lamina propria
sustentacular or sertoli cells
spermatogenic cells

Front 107

the ___ __ surrounds the seminiferous tubules.

Back 107

lamina propria

Front 108

the innermost layer of the lamina propria is basal lamina composed of ___ and ___ fibers.

Back 108

collagen and elastic fibers

Front 109

what is the basal lamina surrounded by?

Back 109

flat peritubular cells

Front 110

peritubular cells are resonsible for?

Back 110

tubular contraction

Front 111

the outermost layer of the lamina propria consists of __ and ___ fibrils.

Back 111

fibrocytes and collagen fibrils

Front 112

what is the shape of sertoli cells?

Back 112

elongated pyramidal cells

Front 113

what does the base of sertoli cells adhere to?

Back 113

basal lamina

Front 114

where does the apex of sertoli cells extend to?

Back 114

the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

Front 115

why does the outline of sertoli cells seem poorly defined?

Back 115

because of numerous processes that surround spermatogenic cells.

Front 116

sertoli cells contain abundant ___ ER, well-developed ___ __, and numerous ___ and _____.

Back 116

abundant smooth ER, well-developed golgi complex, and numerous mitochondria and lysosomes

Front 117

what is the shape and location of the nucleus of the sertoli cell?

Back 117

oval nucleus is situated in the broad basal portion of the cell

Front 118

what forms the blood-testis barrier ?

Back 118

adjacent sustentacular cells joined by tight junctions

Front 119

what are the three functions of sertoli cells on spermatogenic cells?

Back 119

nutritive, protective, and supportive functions

Front 120

sertoli cells are responsible for ___ of degenerated spermatogenic cells and detached ___ body of spermatids

Back 120

phagocytosis
detached residual body of spermatids

Front 121

sertoli cells are responsible for the production of which hormone?

Back 121

mullerian inhibiting hormone

Front 122

sertoli cells are responsible for which fluid secretion and what is the fluid used for?

Back 122

intratubular fluid used for sperm transport

Front 123

where are spermatogenic cells located?

Back 123

between and above the sustentacular cells

Front 124

the spermatogonium is situated nest to the ___ ___.

Back 124

basal lamina

Front 125

the spermatogonium is a relatively ___ cell and its nucleus contains ___-staining chromain.

Back 125

small cell
pale-staining chromatin

Front 126

what are the largest spermatogenic cells?

Back 126

primary spermatocytes

Front 127

what are primary spermatocytes characterized by?

Back 127

obvious condensed chromosomes

Front 128

the ___ spermatocytes are short lived and difficult to observe.

Back 128

secondary

Front 129

secondary spermatocytes are intermediate in size between ___ __ and ___

Back 129

primary spermatocyte and spermatid

Front 130

____ are small cells, located toward the lumen of seminiferous tubules.

Back 130

spermatids

Front 131

spermatids undergo ___ and form___

Back 131

spermiogenesis and form spermatozoa

Front 132

during transformation the heads of spermatozoa become more ___ ___ in the sertoli cells

Back 132

deeply embedded

Front 133

later, the spermaids are forced into the ___

Back 133

lumen

Front 134

spaces between seminiferous tubules are filled with __ ___, __ and __ __

Back 134

connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels

Front 135

during puberty, and additional cell type called ___ or ___ cells becomes apparent

Back 135

interstitial or leydid cell

Front 136

what is the shape of interstitial (leydig cells)

Back 136

either rounded or polygonal in shape

Front 137

what type of nucleus do interstital (leydig) cells have?

Back 137

central nucleus

Front 138

what type of cytoplasm do interstitial (leydig) cells have?

Back 138

eosinophillic cytoplasm, rich in lipid droplets

Front 139

the interstitial (leydig) cells have characteristic ___ secreting cells that produce ___ which is responsible for secondary male sex characteristics.

Back 139

steroid secreting cells
testosterone

Front 140

what connects the convoluted tubules to the rete testis?

Back 140

straight tubules (tubuli recti)

Front 141

what are straight tubules lined by?

Back 141

simple squamous to simple columnar epithelium

Front 142

what is the epithelium of the straight tubules supported by?

Back 142

dense connective tissue sheath

Front 143

The rete testis is a highly ____ network of channels, surrounded by the ___ connective tissue of the _____ testis.

Back 143

anastomotic network of channels surrounded by loose connective tissue

Front 144

what is the rete testis lined by?

Back 144

simple squamous to simple columnar epithelium

Front 145

what does the rete testis produce?

Back 145

testicular fluid

Front 146

what connects the rete testis to the ductus epididymus?

Back 146

the ductuli efferentes

Front 147

what is the ductuli efferentes lined by?

Back 147

simple columnar cilated and non-ciliated cells.

Front 148

what does the ciliated cells do in the ductuli efferentes?

Back 148

help to move the spermatozoa

Front 149

what do nonciliated cells do in the ductuli efferentes?

Back 149

absorb tubular fluid

Front 150

what surrounds the epididymis?

Back 150

tunica albuginea

Front 151

what is the long coiled structure in the epididymis?

Back 151

ductus epididymis

Front 152

what is the ductus epididymis lined by?

Back 152

pseudostratified epithelium

Front 153

what surrounds the ductus epididymis?

Back 153

a small amount of loose connective tissue and circular smooth muscle fibers

Front 154

what are the two types of cells present in the epithelium of the ductus epididymis?

Back 154

columnar cells and small basal cells

Front 155

where are the columnar cells taller in the ductus epididymis?

Back 155

taller in the head region than in the remainder of the organ

Front 156

what is on the surface of the columnar cells of the ductus epididymus?

Back 156

microvilli called steriocilia

Front 157

what is the function of the epididymis?

Back 157

maturation (head and body) and storage (tail) of the spermatozoa

Front 158

what is the mucosa like of the ductus deferens?

Back 158

folded and lined by pseudostratifed columnar epithelium

Front 159

what and where does the mucosa of the ductus deferens change ?

Back 159

it becomes simple columnar towards the end of the duct

Front 160

what is the propria-submucosa of the ductus deferens composed of?

Back 160

loose connective tissue, rich in ELASTIC fiber and is highly vascularized.

Front 161

what does the tunica muscularis of the ductus deferns consist of?

Back 161

intermingled circular, longitudinal and oblique layers (3 layers)

Front 162

the terminal part of the ductus deferens is ____ except in __ and ___

Back 162

ampullated except in cats and pigs

Front 163

what type of glands are located in the propria-submucosa of the ductus deferens?

Back 163

tubulo-alveolar glands

Front 164

what are the glands in the propria-submucosa of the ductus deferens lined by?

Back 164

simple columnar epithelium with secretory activity

Front 165

what is the tunica adventica/ serosa composed of in the ductus deferens?

Back 165

loose connective tissue.

Front 166

what are the 4 accessory sex glands?

Back 166

ampulla
vesicular gland
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

Front 167

where is the ampulla located?

Back 167

on the ductus deferens

Front 168

in what animals is the vesicular gland absent in?

Back 168

carnivores (dogs and cats_)

Front 169

what are the two parts of the prostate gland?

Back 169

body or compact portion
and pars disseminata

Front 170

in what animals is the body or compact portion of the prostate gland absent?

Back 170

absent in small ruminants

Front 171

in what animals is the pars disseminata of the prostate gland absent?

Back 171

horses

Front 172

in what animals is the bulbourethral gland absent?

Back 172

dogs

Front 173

what are the 2 paired accessory sex glands?

Back 173

vesicular and bulbourethral

Front 174

what kind of gland is the vesicular gland?

Back 174

compound tubuloalveolar gland

Front 175

what type of epithelium is in the vesicular gland?

Back 175

pseudostratifed columnar

Front 176

what are the interlobar and main secretory ducts of the vesicular gland lined by?

Back 176

simple cuboidal

Front 177

the loose CT of the propria-submucosa is highly ____ and continuous with the ____ CT trabeculae which may subdivide the organ into ___ and ____.

Back 177

highly vascularized
dense CT
lobe and lobules

Front 178

the tunica muscularis of the vesicular gland is of ____ width, followed by ___ ___

Back 178

varying width
tunica serosa

Front 179

in what animal are vesicular glands the true vesicles of the wide central lumen?

Back 179

horses

Front 180

in what animal is the vesicular gland a compact lobulated organ?

Back 180

bull

Front 181

what type of gland is the prostate gland?

Back 181

compound tubuloalveolar gland

Front 182

what are the two parts of compound tubuloalveolar gland?

Back 182

compact and disseminate parts

Front 183

the compact part of the prostate gland surrounds the ___ ___

Back 183

pelvic urethra

Front 184

the disseminate part of the prostate gland is located in the ___-___ of the __ __

Back 184

propria-submucosa of the pelvic urethra

Front 185

what are both the compact and disseminate parts of the prostate gland surrounded by?

Back 185

a capsule of dense irregular CT, the disseminate part is further surrounded by a striated urethral muscle

Front 186

secretory tubules, alveoli, and intraglandular duct of the prostate gland are lined by ___ ___ or ___ cells which become ___ toward the terminal portion of the duct.

Back 186

simple cuboidal or columnar cells become transistional

Front 187

where are concentrically laminated concretions of secretory material found in the prostate gland?

Back 187

in tubules and alveoli

Front 188

what type of gland is the bulbourethral gland?

Back 188

compound tubular or tubuloalveolar gland

Front 189

what is the bulbourethral gland covered by?

Back 189

a fibroelasitc capsule containing varying amounts of striated muscle cells

Front 190

what is the secretory portion of the bulbourethral gland lined by?

Back 190

simple tall columnar epithelium and show mucin reaction

Front 191

what are the collecting ducts of the bulbourethral gland lined by?

Back 191

simple cuboidal with dark cytoplasm

Front 192

what is the large intraglandular duct of the bulbourethral gland lined by?

Back 192

pseudostratified columnar epithelium which becomes transistional at its opening

Front 193

what two parts is the urethra divided into?

Back 193

pelvic and penile urethra

Front 194

what is the urethra lined by?

Back 194

folded mucosa

Front 195

what is the urethra lined by?

Back 195

transistional epithelium

Front 196

the propria-submucosa of the urethra has ___ tissue, composed of endothelium-lined caverns of various sizes, called ___ ___ in pelvic urethra

Back 196

erectile tissue
vascular stratum

Front 197

in the penile urethra, the cavernous spaces are greatly increased and called ___ ___

Back 197

corpus spongiosum

Front 198

the tunica muscularis of the urethra is composed of ___ muscle in the vicinity of the bladder, whereas the ___ muscle in the remainder of the urethra.

Back 198

smooth muscle
striated muscle

Front 199

the tunica adventica of the urethra is composed of?

Back 199

loose or dense irregular CT.

Front 200

what are the 3 parts of the penis?

Back 200

corpora carvernosa penis
corpus spongiosum penis
and glans penis

Front 201

the corpus cavernosa penis is composed of ___ tissue which consists of endothelium lined ___, ___ and ___

Back 201

erectile tissue
caverns, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

Front 202

what is the corpus cavernosa surrounded by?

Back 202

tunica albuginea

Front 203

what is the corpus cavernosa divided by?

Back 203

a median septum

Front 204

what surrounds the penile urethra?

Back 204

the corpora spongiosum penis

Front 205

what is the corpora spongiosum penis composed of?

Back 205

erectile tissue

Front 206

in what animals is the glands penis well developed?

Back 206

horses and dogs

Front 207

what does the glans penis contain?

Back 207

erectile tissue and highly vascularized areolar tissue.

Front 208

what is the glands penis covered by?

Back 208

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 209

what is the glands penis rich in?

Back 209

special nerve endings.