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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glomerulus
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- Two layer epithelial capsule
- Separated by urinary space - Parietal layer: simple squamous - Visceral layer: podocytes wrapped around capillaries |
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Lamina densa
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- Central electron dense layer of capillary and podocyte fused basal lamina
- Contains Type IV collagen & laminin - Physical filter |
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Lamina rara
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- 2 electron lucent layers
- Formed by capillary and podocyte fused basal lamina - Contains fibernectin - Charge filter |
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Mesangial Cells
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- Attach to glomerular capillary walls
- Have receptors for angiotensin II - Regulates glomerular flow |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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- Cuboidal or low columnar epithelium
- Acidophilic cytoplasm (due to few mitochondria) - Brush border - Large cells, few nuclei - Absorbs all glucose & amino acids and most salt & water |
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Henle's Loop
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- Involved in water retention
- Produces hypertonic urine - Thin descending limb is permeable to water - Ascending limb is IMPERMEABLE to water - Similar in structure to distal convoluted tubule - Salt is transported out |
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Distal Convoluted Tubule
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- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Smaller cell, more nuclei - Basophilic - NO brush border - Contains macula densa - Maintains acid/base balance of blood |
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Macula densa
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- Part of distal tubule
- Adjacent to the afferent arteriole - Columnar cells - Tightly packed - Sends signals for release of renin (regulates blood pressure) |
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Collecting Tubule
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- Cuboidal epithelium increasing to columnar
- Urine concentration - Responsive to vasopressin (alters water permeability) |
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Juxtaglomerular Cells
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- Modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of afferent arteriole
- Lots of secretory granules - Involved in blood pressure - Produce renin |
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Renal Interstitium
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- Space between the tubules and blood vessels
- Contains interstitial cells that secrete prostaglandins |
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Aldosterone
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- Increases renal tubular absorption of sodium
- Decreased sodium loss in urine - Increased potassium & hydrogen loss in urine |
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Male Urethra (parts)
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- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra - Bulbous urethra - Pendulous urethra |
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Prostatic urethra
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- Goes through the prostate
- Prostate secretions added at this point - Transitional epithelium |
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Membranous urethra
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- Stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- Contains external sphincter (striated muscle) |
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Bulbous & Pendulous urethra
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- Located in the corpus spongiosum
- Lined with mostly pseudostratified columnar, with stratified squamous patches |
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Littre's Glands
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- Mucous glands found in the urethra, mostly in the pendulous part
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Female urethra
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- Lined with stratified and squamous epithelium
- Areas of pseudostratified columnar - Mid part surrounded by the external voluntary sphincter |
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Tunica albuginea
(male) |
- Thick capsule of dense connective tissue surrounding testes
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Seminiferous Tubules
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- Produce spermatozoa
- Lined with complex stratified epithelium (germinal/seminiferous) - Contains Sertoli Cells |
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Tunica vaginalis
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- Peritoneal serous sac, surrounding testes
- Derived from its point of origin, migrates with the testes |
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Tubuli recti
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- Straight tubules connecting seminiferous tubules to the Rete Testes
- Cuboidal epithelium - Gradual loss of spermatogenic cells |
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Sperm Path
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- Seminiferous tubules
- Tubuli recti - Rete testis - Ductus efferentes - Ductus epididymis - Vas deferens - Urethra |
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Myoid Cells
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- Smooth muscle-like
- Line seminiferous tubules |
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Order of Spermatogenesis
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- Primitive germ cell (Spermatogonium)
- Type A Spermatogonia - Type B Spermatogonia - Primary Spermatocytes - Secondary Spermatocytes - Spermatids - Spermatozoa |
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Spermatogonium
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- Primitive germ cell
- Very small - Situated next to the basal lamina - This way until sexual maturity |
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Type A Spermatogonia
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- Divide by mitosis beginning at sexual maturity
- Stem cells |
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Type B Spermatogonia
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- Progenitor cells
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Primary spermatocytes
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- 4n DNA
- Largest cells of the spermatic lineage |
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Secondary spermatocytes
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- Result of 1st meiotic division
- 2n DNA - Very short lived cells |
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Spermatids
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- Contain 23 chromosomes
- 1n (haploid) - Nuclei have condensed chromatin |
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Spermiogenesis
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- Spermatid to spermatozoa
- Involves condensation and elongation of nucleus - Development of flagellum - Loss of cytoplasm |
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Sertoli Cells
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- Tight junctions form the blood/testes barrier
- Regulate nutrition for the developing spermatozoa - Phagocytose excess cytoplasm - Stimulated by FSH and secrete ABP (androgen binding protein) - Secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH) - Produce AMH (anti-Mullerian Hormone) |
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Interstitial Tissue
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- Connective tissue, nerves, fenestrated capillaries, lymphatic vessels between seminiferous tubules and the testes
- Produce testosterone, when stimulated by LH |
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Pampiniform Plexus
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- Rich venous plexus surrounding each testicular artery
- Counter-current heat exchange system |
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Rete Testes
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- Thickening of the tunica albuginea
- Anastimotic network of channels - Cuboidal epithelium |
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Ductus Efferentes
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- Alternating non-ciliated and ciliated cuboidal cells
- Non-ciliated cells absorb fluid - Ciliated cells sweep spermatazoa to the epididymis - Fuse to form the ductus epididymis |
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Ductus Epididymis
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- Very coiled
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle cells - Surface is covered by sterocilia |
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Vas (ducuts) Deferens
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- Thick muscular wall!
- Straight tube - Narrow lumen with mucosa - Stereocilia - Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Strong peristalsis - Dumps into prostatic urethra |
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Contents of Spermatic Cord
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- Ductus deferens
- Testicular artery - Pampinoform plexus - Nerves |
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Seminal Vesicles
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- Two tortuous tubes
- Cuboidal or pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium - Rich in secretory granules - Produces a yellow secretion containing fructose and other things - 70% of human ejaculate - Dependent on testosterone |
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Prostate
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- 30 to 50 branched, tubule alveolar glands
- Three zone: central, peripheral (cancer), transition - Cuboidal or columnar pseudo-stratified epithelium - Surrounded by fibro-elastic capsule rich in smooth muscle - Stores prostatic fluid - Influenced by testosterone |
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Bulbourethral glands
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- Cowper's glands
- Tubule alveolar glands, lined with mucous secreting simple cuboidal epithelium - Secretes lubricant |
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Penile urethra
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- Lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
- Glans penis, becomes stratified squamous |
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Corpus Cavernosa
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- Two cylinders of erectile tissue place dorsally
- Surrounded by tunica albuginea |
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Corpus Spongiosum
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- Also known as "Corpus cavernosum of the Urethra"
- One cylinder of erectile tissue - Placed ventrally |
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Germinal epithelium
(Female) |
- Simple squamous or cuboidal
- Covers the ovaries |
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Tunica Albuginea
(Female) |
- Layer of dense connective tissue under germinal layer on ovary
- Gives ovaries their white color |
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Cortical Region of the Ovary
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- Ovarian follicles predominate
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Medullary Region of the Ovary
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- Rich vascular bed and loose connective tissue
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Order of Oogenesis
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- Primordial germ cell
- Oogonia - Primary oocytes (plus follicular cells) - Primordial follicles - Unilaminar primary follicle - Multilaminar primary follicle - Antral follicel - Mature (Grafian) follicle - Corpus Luteum |
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Primordial Germ Cells
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- 1st month of life, migrate from the yolk sac to the gonads
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Oogonia
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- Germ cells in the gonads
- Intense division and multiplication |
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Primary Oocytes
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- Oogonia that have entered prophase of the first meiotic division and halted
- Surrounded by flattened follicular cells |
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Primordial Follicle
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- Primary oocyte + single layer of follicular cells
- Remain in this stage until puberty |
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Unilaminar Primary Follicle
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- Stimulated by FSH
- Follicular cells divide by mitosis |
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Multilaminar Primary Follicle
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- Further proliferation of follicular cells
- Stratified epithelium - Zona pelucida is secreted |
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Antral Follicle
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- Beginning of formation of antrum
- Contain follicular fluid |
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Cumulus Oophorus
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- Hillock of cells that contain the oocyte and is attached to the wall of the follicle
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Corona Radiata
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- Granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the follicle
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Theca Interna
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- Differentiated fibroblasts
- Produce steroids |
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Graafian (mature) Follicle
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- Protrudes from the surface of the ovary
- 90 days from primordial to mature |
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Stigma
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- Appearance on follicle surface where flow of blood ceases
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Corpus Luteum
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- Temporary endocrine gland
- Stimulated by LH - Secretes progesterone and estrogen - Larger in pregnant women - Degeneration stimulates the next menstrual cycle |
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hCG
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- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- Secreted by trophoblastic cells of the embryo - Stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone - Under this influences, corpus luteum persists for 4 to 5 months |
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Interstitial Cells
(Female) |
- Persistence of theca interna cells
- Stimulated by LH to secrete active steroids |
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Oviducts
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- Consists of infindibulum, ampulla and isthmus
- Wall has 3 layers: mucosa (simple columnar, cc & sc), smooth muscle, visceral peritoneum |
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Uterus
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- 3 layers: endometrium (mucosa), myometrium (muscle, main layer), adventia /serosa (connective tissue)
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Myometrium
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- Bundles of smooth muscle separated by connective tissue
- In the middle contains large blood vessels - Grows drastically during pregnancy |
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Endometrium
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- Simple tubular glands
- Mixture of ciliated and secratory columnar (all simple) - 2 Zones: basalis (tips of uterine glands) and functionalis (rest of glands and surface epithelium - changes during menstrual cycle) |
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Menstrual Cycle Phases
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- Menstrual
- Proliferative - Secretory/luteul |
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Proliferative Phase
(Menstrual Cycle) |
- Rapid growth of ovarian follicles
- Secrete estrogen - Thickening of endometrium - Glands are tubular - Cells are ciliated (no secretory) |
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Secretory/Luteul Phase
(Menstrual Cycle) |
- Starts with ovulation
- Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum - Further stimulation of gland cells - Glands become coiled - Endometrium reaches maximum thickness |
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Menstrual Phase
(Menstrual Cycle) |
If no fertilization
- Decrease in estrogen/progesterone causes menstruation |
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Cervix
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- Mucous secreting, simple columnar epithelium
- Lots of connective tissue, a little smooth muscle fiber - Contains extensively branched mucous cervical glands (proliferate during pregnancy) - More water during ovulation (allows passage of sperm) |
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Vagina
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- 3 layers:
- mucosa (stratified squamous, small amount of keratin, stimulated by estrogen to secrete glycogen), - muscular (longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle, some circular smooth muscle), - adventitia (dense connective tissue, extensive venous and nervous innervation) |
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Glands of Bartholin
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- On either side of the vestibulum
- Secrete mucous - Homologues to the bulbourethral glands |
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Clitoris
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- 2 erectile bodies ending in a glans clitoris and prepuce (foreskin)
- Covered in stratified squamous epithelium |
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Labia minora
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- Stratified squamous
- Thin layer of keratinized cells - Sebaceous and sweat glands |
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Labia majora
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- Sebaceous and sweat glands
- Adipose tissue and thin layer of smooth muscle layer |
