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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capillaries
1. diameter 2. what kind of junction 3. fast or slow movement? |
1. one red blood cell
2. tight junction 3. slow...allows for transport of materials |
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Functions of endothelium: (5)
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semipermeable
regulate clotting process modulate immune response Metabolic processes Production of nitric acid |
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Functions of endothelium:
semipermeable |
Diffuse
active transport, facilitated transport transcytosis (pinocytosis and exocytosis) |
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Functions of endothelium:
clotting process regulation |
damage
secrete van Willebrand factor factor 8 and other platelet activating |
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Functions of endothelium:
Immune response modulation |
Inflammation
Surface protein on cell surface WBC's bind to that protein WBC's cross into cell (called diapedesis) |
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Functions of endothelium:
metabolic processes |
organs
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Functions of endothelium:
production of nitric oxide |
regulates blood vessel diameter
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Types of endothelium
1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Discontinuous |
1. Makes up the bulk, applies to all of the above.
2. contains fenestrations, separated by a diaphragm 3. aka sinusoidal. Gaps between endothelial calls; gaps in basal lamina. Lots of macrophages. Hematopoietic tissues. Liver. |
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3 concentric layers of veins & arteries and the like
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia |
1. endothelium
2. smooth muscle arranged in concentric layers 3. Connective tissue Vasa vasorum "vessels of the vessels" |
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from capillaries to the heart, vein size wise
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capillaries, venules, small veins, med veins, large veins, heart
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Types of veins:
1. venules 2. small veins 3. medium veins 4. large veins 5. valves |
1. similar to a capillary; endothelium
diameter > 1 RBC 2. 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media 3. multiple layers of smooth muscle. Not tightly packed. separated by layers of collagen. 4. same as medium vein, but smooth muscle is in T adventitia. Organized longitudinal wise. 5. made of extensions of externae |
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Types of arteries
1. arterioles 2. small artery 3. medium artery 4. large artery |
1. neither internal elastic lamina or external elastic lamina. 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in T. media.
2. internal elastic lamina, no external elastic lamina. 3. both IEL and EEL 4. similar to medium artery, but numberous elastic rings in T media. |
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Arteriole vs. small vein
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Arteriole is a small caliber vessel.
Small vein is a fairly large caliber vessel. |
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Heart
1. endocardium 2. myocardium 3. epicardium |
1. endothelial layer of the 4 chambers.
valves - fibroelastic CT; ensure flow in one direction purkinje fibers - modified cardiac muscle cells, transmission of electric impulses 2. bulk; cardic muscle 3. CT capsule |
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Lymphatic Vascular System:
order |
Lymph
lymph nodes Lymph capillaries lymph nodes lymph vessels lymph ducts |
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lymphatic vascular system:
types of vessels 1. capillaries and vessels 2. L. ducts |
1. T. intima and T. adventitia
2. look like L. veins; long muscle in T media. |
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Albumin
1. definition 2. where is it made |
Protein that creates drive for osmotic pressure. Oncotic pressure.
the liver |
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Components of blood
1. Plasma 2. Formed elements 3. Fibrin |
1. ground substance
2. cells and platelets 3. fibers seen during clotting these are the three elements of a connective tissue |
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definitions:
1. CBC 2. Hemoglobin 3. Hematocrit 4. Differential white cell count |
1. complete blood count
2. protein involved in oxygen transport - content measured in CBC 3. % of erythrocytes in total blood 4. counts different WBCs, like lymphocytes and granulocytes |
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Romanovsky stain
1. mixture of... 2. basic dye... 3. acidic dye 4. plus some... |
1. methylene blue and eosin
2. positive charge (blue) 3. negative charge (red) 4. azures thrown in for good measure |
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Blood smear preparation
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1. get blood
2. place drop on slide 3. using second slide, pull drop of blood across slide surface. capillary action! 4. stain and view under microscope |
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Reticulocytes
1. definition 2. % of circulating erythrocytes 3. Cytoplasmic polyribosomes? 4. mature erythrocytes in... |
1. immature erythrocytes
2. 1% 3. (RNA) 4. 24 to 48 hours |
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Mature erythrocytes
1. energy source 2. mitochondria? 3. protein synthesis? 4. survive for... 5. how removed? |
1. glucose
2. no 3. no 4. 120 days 5. by bone marrow and spleen |
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Neutrophil characteristics
1. % of circulating leukocytes 2. how many lobes in nucleus 3. specific granules 4. azurophilic granules 5. surface markers 6. life span 7. functions |
1. 60 to 70 %
2. 3-5 lobes 3. neutral stain collagenase, phospholipase A2, lactoferrin, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase 4. lysosomes 5. Fc receptor, adhesion mols., chemotaxic receptors 6. 7 days in blood, 4 days in CT 7. phagocytosis, microbial killing |
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Steps of bacterial phagocytosis
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1. recognition
2. endocytosis 3. respiratory burst 4. bacterial killing |
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Eosinophil characteristics
1. % of circulating blood 2. nucleus shape 3. specific granules 4. surface markers 5. life span 6. functions |
1. 2-4 %
2. bi lobed 3. red stain histaminase, major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein, peroxidase etc. azurophillic - tertiary granules 4. IgE receptor, adhesion receptors, chemotaxic receptors 5. very long 6. phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complex destruction of parasites? |
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Basophil characteristics
1. % of circulating leukocytes 2. shape of nucleus 3. specific granules 4. azurophilic, like eosinophils. 5. surface markers 6. life span 7. function |
1. 1%
2. s shaped 3. large blue histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotatic factor, preoxidase, etc 4. tertiary granules 5. IgE receptor 6. 1-2 years 7. similar to mast cells to mediate inflammatory response vascular control, immunomodulator secretion |
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Monocytes: characteristics
1. % of circulating wbc's 2. shape of nucleus 3. specific granules 4. azurophilic granules 5. surface markers 6. life span 7. functions 8. contains this organelle |
1. 3-5 %
2. kidney 3. NONE 4. lysosomes 5. class II HLA, Fc receptor 6. day in blood, month in tissues 7. differentiate into macrophage, antigen presenting cell, phagocytosis 8. vacuoles |
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Lymphocyte characteristics
1. % of circulating leukocytes 2. nucleus shape 3. specific granules 4. azurophilic granules 5. surface markers 6. life span 7. function |
1. 20-25%
2. round, 90% of cell volume 3. none 4. lysosomes 5. T cell receptor, CDs, IL receptors; B cells surface IgG 6. months to years 7. t-cell - cell mediated immunity b-cell - humoral immunity NK cell - innate immunity |
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Platelets:
1. granule types: 2. surface markers: 3. life span 4. function |
1. sigma, alpha, lambda
2. adhesion mols. FcR's 3. around 10 days 4. blood clotting system |
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Platelets:
1. ultrastructure 2. granule characteristics |
1. hyalomere - outer clear zone
granulomere - central granules 2. sigma granule - calcium, adp, atp, serotonin, histamine, pyrophosphatase alpha granule - fibrinogen, pdgf, thromboplastin, coagulation factors lambda granule - hydrolytic enzymes (lysosomes) |
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what is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
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neutrophils
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Tag for destruction of blood cell
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P-serine flipped out
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what form is CO2 in inside the blood cell?
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bicarbonate ion
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what repairs connective tissue after damage?
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eosinophil
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Lymphoid tissues:
1. Primary 2. Secondary or Peripheral |
1. bone marrow
thymus 2. diffuse lymphoid tissue lymph nodes spleen tonsils |
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Lymph Organs
1. Thymus 2. Lymph node 3. spleen 4. Mucosal associated lymph tissue |
1. t cell college
2. connective tissue filter 3. blood system filter 4. protects moist surface |
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Thymus
1. how many lobes? 2. what divides lobes into lobules? 3. lobules have which two areas? 4. resident cells |
1. two
2. CT septa 3. cortex, medulla 4. T cells (varying levels of maturity) ERC's Macrophages |
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ERC's: types
1. these types are found in the cortex 2. this forms the blood-thymic barrier 3. these are at the corticomedularry junction 4. these make up Hassall's corpuscles |
1. 1, 2, and 3
2. ERC 1 3. ERC 3 and 4 4. ERC 6 |
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ERC's:
1. comprises the _____ component of thymus 2. expresses... |
1. stromal
2. MHC class I and II Ag's. |
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Blood supply of thymus
1. distributes in... 2. enters at... 3. capillary loops to... 4. what surrounds capillary walls? 5. bone marrow cells enter at 6. maturation from... |
1. capsule
2. corticomedullary junction 3. cortex 4. ERCs to make blood-thymus barrier 5. C-T junction 6. superficial to deep |
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Diffuse lymphatic tissue
1. found subjacent to... 2. protection against... 3. acronym 4. rich in... |
1. moist epithelia
2. invasive pathogens 3. MALT - Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue 4. plasma cells - sIgA |
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Properties of peripheral lymphoid structures
1. what makes the scaffolding of lymphoid tissues? 2. B cell collections are aka 3. corona 4. germinal center 5. do lymphocytes recirculate? |
1. reticular fibers
2. lymphoid follicles 3. outer portion of nodule 4. inner portion of nodule, where B cells divide actively. pale. 5. ye-ah |
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what is the name of the structure right before artery becomes a vein in the cortex of a lymph node?
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postcapillary high endothelial venule
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T cells specifically:
M'phages specifically: B cells specifically: |
anti-cd3 - hrp
cathepsin rxn anti-Ig - HRP |
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functions:
1. corona 2. germinal center 3. paracortex |
1. resting B cells
2. activated B cells (immunoblasts) antigen presenting cells memory B cells 3. T cells (CD4 + Th cells) high endothelial venules |
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Afferent lymphatics
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brings lymph and lymphocytes into subcapsular sinus
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Subcapsular and paratrabecular sinus
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reticular fiber scaffolding covered with macrophages: phagocytosis and Ag-presentation
Subcap, paratravecular sinus, and medularry sinuses all continuous |
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lymphoid follice
site of.. |
antigen initiated immune response
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2 entry sites for lymphocyte entrance
1 exit site |
1. tissues via afferent lymphatics
2. blood via HEV's efferents, stay in system until they reach thoracic duct |
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HEV
1. location 2. vunules lined by... 3. cells express .... and .... specific for recirculating lymphocytes |
high endothelial venule
1. paracortex 2. cuboidal endothelial cells 3. selectins and integrins |
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Medulla components
1. sinus 2. cords |
1. lymph w/ Ab
plasma cells recirculating lymphocytes 2. plasma cells dendritic cells |
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Organization of the spleen
1. filters what? 2. islands of...in sea of... 3. PALS is....... dependent 4. Follicle is ...... dependent 5. key to identification? |
1. blood
2. white pulp, red pulp 3. T pals is periarteriolar lymphatic sheath 4. B 5. central artery |
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Red pulp: splenic cord and sinusoid
Elements of red pulp (3) |
1. sinusoidal capillaries
2. Extracellular spaces between sinusoidal capillaries - called splenic cords 3. cords are rich in phagocytic macrophages |
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Splenic functions:
1. white pulp 2. red pulp |
1. follicle is B cell structure
Marginal zone similar to subcap. sinus PALS is T cell rich and site of activation 2. Removal of Senescent RBCs Recycle Fe from Hbg Hemopoiesis (fetal) phagocytosis of pathogens |
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Gut associated lymphoid tissue
GALT 1. appendix 2. Peyer's patches |
1. encircle lumen. no villi present. has nodules all the way around
2. half way around lumen, anti-mesenteric, villi present. nodules on half circumference. |
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lingual tonsil on tongue
characteristics: 1. palatine 2. pharyng 3. lingual |
1. 10-20 crypts, nk strat squam epithelium, thick capusle
2. no crypts, respiratory epithelium, thin capsule 3. 1 crypt per, nk strat squam, no capulse |
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Histological features of lymphoid organs
1. thymus 2. lymph node 3. spleen 4. tonsils |
1. cortex and promiscuous medulla
Hassall's corpuscle 2. follicles and SUBCAPSULAR sinus 3. islands of white pulp in Sea of Red pulp Central artery near germinal center 4. epithelium on one side palatine - ss pharyngeal - respiratory lingual - ss |
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Esophagus
1. lined by what kind of cell 2. where are the glands 3. what are the regions of muscularis externa, and are the muscles smooth or skeletal |
1. stratified squamous epithelial cells
2. in the submucosa 3. upper - skeletal middle - skeletal and smooth lower - smooth only |
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Stomach
which pairs of stomach layers look the same? |
cardiac and pyloric
fundic and body |
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Stomach
1. surface area increased by... 2. epithelium 3. glands of fundic/body 4. what does intrinsic factor do |
1. pits
2. tall columnar epithelium, called thecal cells - secrete mucous 3. Cardiac/pyloric glands body/fundic glands a) parietal cells - secrete HCl intrinsic factor b) chief cells - pepsin, lipase c) mucous cells - mucous d) enteroendocrine cells - secrete gastrin that stimulates parietal cell to secrete HCl, and secretes somatostatin that controls smooth muscle contraction in gut wall 4. necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 |
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Small intestine
1. epithelium 2. types of cells in epithelium |
1. simple columnar epithelium
2. goblet cells, unicellular glands |
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Small intestine: modification for absorption
(3) |
1. lots of microvilli, called brush border
2. mucosa exists as extensions into lumen called villi 3. entire intestinal wall projects into lumen, called plicae circularis these increase SA by more than 500x |
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cells in crypts
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1. absorptive cells
2. goblet cells 3. paneth cells - large secretory granules lysozyme - antibacterial 4. enteroendocrine cells (cck and secretin) |
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Regional specializations with small intestine
a. duodenum b. jujunum c. ileum |
a. brinner's glands
b. neither brinners nor payer's patches c. payers patches |
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Large intestine
1. function 2. histo (two kinds of cells) 3. appendix - all histo features of colon, but surrounded by... |
1. absorb water, form residue into feces
2. absorptive cells, goblet cells 3. lymphoid nodules |
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peyers patches
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aggregations of lymphoid tissue found in lowest portion of small intestine ileum.
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Liver
1. how many lobes 2. capsule made of what? 3. where do utilities enter? 4. components of utility entrance |
1. 4
2. dense irregular connective tissue 3. porta hepatis (hilus of liver) 4. Right and left hepatic Aa portal vein hepatic vein right and left hepatic ducts |
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is liver exocrine or endocrine?
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both.
hepatocyte is an exocrine cell. bile is exocrine secretory product. hepatocyte is also endocrine cell. |
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Dual blood supply of liver
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hepatic artery - 02 rich blood
hepatic portal vein - nutrient rich blood |
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the liver is a major sensor of...
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blood quality.
storage products can adjust content |
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cells of liver:
4 |
hepatocytes
hepatic macrophages (kupffer cells) endothelial cells stellate (fat storage) cells (of ito) |
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what is the functional liver unit?
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sinusoids and plates
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hepatocyte plates or cords
1. how thick 2. radiate in what direction 3. do they contact blood cells in the sinusoids? |
1. 2 cells thick
2. centrifugally from cv 3. NO |
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sinusoids
1. lined by... 2. gaps are how big? 3. lined cells have... |
1. discontinuous endothelium (sinusoidal lining cells)
2. .5 micrometers 3. clustered fenestrae, known as sieve plates |
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Lateral Hepatocyte Domain
1. contain ___ canaliculi 2. microvilli project into... 3. walls contain enzymes: 4. gap junctions present for... 5. sealed by... |
1. bile
2. lumen 3. Na+ K+ ATPase adenylate cyclase 4. cell cell communication 5. tight junctions |
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In the space of disse,
1. endocrine secretions are 2. blood borne substances 3. same enzymes as lateral hepatocyte domain, plus |
1. exocytosed
2. endocytosed 3. mannose 6-PO4ase |
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Space of disse
1. located between 2. contains _____ but no ______ 3. hepatocyte microvilli project into it...two features 4. Perisinusoidal cells 5. major complication of vitamin A deficiency 6. major complication of vitamin K deficiency |
1. hepatocytes and contravascular surface of sinusoidal lining cells
2. reticular fibers, basal lamina 3. site of contact with fluid phase blood cells are excluded by pore size 4. pit cells - (large granules) may be large granule lymphocute which is equivalent to Natural Killer cell Fat storing cell (of Ito): fat soluble vitamin storage. 5. night vision blindness, or blindness 6. hemophilia (functions in blood clotting) |
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Hepatocytes
1. how many of one nucleus how many have two 2. ploidy ranges 3. what synthesizes proteins for internal use? what synthesizes proteins for external use? 4. energy consumption |
1. 75% have one nuceus
25% have two nuclei 2. 2N to 64N 3. free ribosomes rER, golgi apparatus 4. around 2000 mitochondria per hepatocyte zone 3 has 2x more than other zones zone 1 mitochondria are larger |
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Organelles of detoxification
(4) |
1. endosomes
2. lysosomes 3. peroxisomes 4. sER - very important. proliferate when taking barbiturates. need more drug for same effect. |
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Hepatocyte inclusions
(2) |
ldl - very low density lipoprotein.
delivered by portal vein after eating fats. glycogen (how glucose is stored) polymer of d glucose b subunits form a-rosettes |
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Liver produces plasma proteins
(4) |
1. albumins
2. lipoproteins (vldl, ldl, hdl 3. glycoproteins (transferrin, haptoglobin, hemopexin) 4. coagulation proteins (fibrinogen, prothrombin) 5. Non immune globulins |
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Macrophage of the liver
1. where do they scavenge? 2. what are they called? 3. surface receptors? 4. what do they phagocytose? |
1. The sinusoid lumen
2. kupferr cells 3. fc receptors 4. enteric bacteria 99% effete RBCs |
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Portal triad:
1. surrounds the triad 2. space between # 1 and triad |
1. limiting plate
2. space of moll |
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Bile duct
1. this structure bridges the space of moll 2. what is this structure made of |
1. canal of hering, aka cholangiole.
2. combo of hepatocytes and low cuboidal cells. |
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Gall bladder
1. epithelium 2. special type of cells 3. what type of granules in apex 4. nuclei located where? 5. surface folds look like glands. are they glands? 6. composition of coat 7. outermost layer |
1. monotonous simple columnar epithelium (clear cells
2. brush cells 3. mucinogen granules in apex 4. basal part 5. no. no glands in bladder proper 6. loose irregular CT, smooth muscle 7. serous membrane, perimuscular connective tissue |
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gall bladder:
where are the ducts of rokitansky -aschoff? |
in the neck and in the muscularis externa.
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beware of...... in the gall bladder
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false ducts
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Oral cavity
what are the three regions of oral cavity? |
1. masticatory mucosa
2. lining mucosa 3. specialized/sensory |
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Masticatory mucosa
1. epithelium 2. what kind of papillae? 3. submucosa has these...for snacks |
1. parakeratinized
2. EXTREME papillae 3. fat pads! protection lamina propria fuses directly to bone |
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lining mucosa
1. epithelium 2. salivary glands? 3. what comprises skeleton 4. vermillian border |
1. nonkeratinized strat. squ.
2. Yes - minor 3. collagen and elastin 4. no salivary glands, not mucosal surface. so you lick your lips. less strat. squa. kerat. epith. |
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lingual papillae:
filiform |
most numerous. no taste buds. spikey.
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lingual papillae:
fungiform |
like a shroom. has some taste buds
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lingual papillae:
circumvallate |
10-12 in the back. has many taste buds. has a moat. glands of von ebner secrete into it. serous glands. contains amylase and lipase.
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lingual papillae:
foliate |
lateral surface; decrease with age
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what nerve innervates at the taste buds?
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cranial nerve VII
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periodontal ligament connect...
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cementin to alveolar process
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Serous acinus
1. describe secretions 2. what cells cause glands to secrete? 3. first the secretion is in acinus...then...then... 4. function of basal striations |
1. watery, protein rich
2. myoepithelial cells 3. intercalated ducts, basal striations 4. Na+ and Cl- absorb K+ and HCO3- excrete buffer system |
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classification of glands
1. Parotid 2. submandibular 3. sublingual |
1. Purely serous
2. serous mostly 3. serous leastly |
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Pancreas
1. what glands make up exocrine portion? 2. what part makes up endocrine portion? 3. striated ducts? 4. what does exocrine portion secrete? |
1. serous glands
2. islets of langerhaans 3. no 4. bicarb, zymogen granules. |
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Regulation of stuff
Enteroendocrine cells secrete these, what do they act on in the gland? 1. cck 2. secretin |
1. acinar cells
2. intercalated ducts |
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1. type of cells that secrete insulin
2. type of cells that secrete glucagon 3. how are these two enzymes related |
1. beta cells
2. alpha cells 3. antagonists |
