Histology, Test 2, Quarter 2, Lecture 5

Front 1

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

Back 1

to transport the oocyte to the uterus and provide a place for fertilization

Front 2

Name the 4 regions of the uterine tube

Back 2

-infundibulum
-ampulla
-isthmus
-intramural

Front 3

Describe the infundibulum of the uterine tube

Back 3

part that projects into the peritoneal cavity and serve to trap the oocyte as it leaves the ovary

Front 4

What are fimbriae and what portion of the uterine tube are they located in?

Back 4

they are finger like projections from the infundibulum that trap the ovum

Front 5

What is the ampulla?

Back 5

the longest portion of the uterine tube; place of fertilization

Front 6

What is the isthmus of the uterine tube?

Back 6

the part just adjacent to the uterus

Front 7

What is the intramural part of the uterine tube?

Back 7

the part that is located within the wall of the uterus

Front 8

Name the 3 layers of the uterine tube

Back 8

-mucosa
-muscularis
-serosa

Front 9

What portion of the uterine tube has the most prominent deep longitudinal folds?

Back 9

ampulla

Front 10

Describe the epithelium of the mucosa of the uterine tube

Back 10

ciliated columnar

Front 11

Name the two types of cells located within the epithelium of the uterine tube

Back 11

peg cells and ciliated cells

Front 12

Where are ciliated cells most prominent within the uterine tube?

Back 12

in the infundibulum and the ampulla

Front 13

What is the function of the ciliated cells?

Back 13

to beat and move the ovum towards the uterus

Front 14

What is the function of peg cells?

Back 14

to secrete fluid which is the nutritive supply for the ovum

Front 15

Describe the changes of epithelial cells located within the uterine tubes throughout the cycle

Back 15

cells undergo phases of hypertrophy (follicular phase) and atrophy (luteal phase)

Front 16

Name the layers of the muscularis of the vagina

Back 16

inner circular and outer longitudinal

Front 17

Describe the ratio of layers in the muscularis of the uterine tube

Back 17

inner circular layer is thicker and the outer longitudinal layer is thinner

Front 18

What aspect of the uterine tube has the thickest muscularis?

Back 18

the isthmus

Front 19

What is the function of the thick muscularis in the isthmus?

Back 19

to move the ovum towards the uterus via peristalic movement (doesn't have the same quality of ciliated cells)

Front 20

Describe the serosa of the uterine tube?

Back 20

the serosa consists of loose connective tissue surrounded by a mesothelial lining

Front 21

Name the two regions of the uterus

Back 21

the body and the cervix

Front 22

Name the 3 layers of the uterus

Back 22

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

Front 23

What is the function of the endometrium?

Back 23

to host the fertilized ovum.

Front 24

What do changes in the endometrium correlate to?

Back 24

maturation of the ovarian follicles

Front 25

Name the two layers of the endometrium

Back 25

-Stratum functionale (top)
-Stratum basale (bottom)

Front 26

What is the function of the stratum basale?

Back 26

it is the lower layer that remains through menstruation. It gives rise to the new stratum functionale post-menstruation

Front 27

What is the function of the stratum functionale

Back 27

This is the portion that gets sloughed off if fertilization does not occur

Front 28

Describe the glands of the endometrium

Back 28

simple, straight tubular

Front 29

What is the epithelium of the endometrium?

Back 29

simple columnar

Front 30

Describe the endometrial stroma

Back 30

highly vascular and cellular, contains fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells

Front 31

What are arcuate arteries?

Back 31

branches of uterine arteries which penetrate the myometrium and split

Front 32

What are radial arteries?

Back 32

straight branches arcuate arteries which enter the basale layer of the endometrium

Front 33

What are spiral arteries?

Back 33

main branches of the radial arteries. They give rise to capillaries into the surrounding stroma

Front 34

What are lacunae?

Back 34

Dilated segments of capillaries in the endometrial stroma

Front 35

What controls the cycles of endometrial changes?

Back 35

gonadotropins secreted from the pars distalis which has an effect on hormones from the ovary

Front 36

How long is the typical cycle?

Back 36

28 days

Front 37

Name the 3 phases of endometrial cycling

Back 37

-proliferative
-secretory
-mentrual

Front 38

What phase of the ovary does the proliferative phase correlate to?

Back 38

maturation stage

Front 39

What hormone influences the proliferative phase?

Back 39

estrogen

Front 40

Describe what happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase

Back 40

cells of the stratum basale proliferate and epithelial cells at the base of the uterine glands rebuild

Front 41

What changes occur in the spiral arteries during the proliferative phase?

Back 41

they get longer

Front 42

How long does the proliferative phase last?

Back 42

until 1 day after ovulation

Front 43

Describe the uterine glands during the proliferative phase

Back 43

thin, not actively secreting

Front 44

What ovarian phase does the secretory phase of the uterus correspond to?

Back 44

the active corpus luteum stage

Front 45

What hormone influences the secretory phase of the endometrium?

Back 45

progesterone

Front 46

What changes occur in the endometrium during the secretory phase?

Back 46

the endometrium doubles in size, primarily through hypertrophy and edema

Front 47

Describe the changes that occur in the uterine glands during the secretory phase

Back 47

the become corkscrew shaped and filled with secretory product

Front 48

Describe the material that is secreted from the uterine glands in the secretory phase

Back 48

secrete fluid to nourish the fertilized ovum (glycogen-rich)

Front 49

Describe the changes that occur in the spiral arteries during the secretory phase

Back 49

the become longer and penetrate more of the endometrium (get closer to the surface)

Front 50

Describe the changes that the stromal cells undergo during the secretory phase if fertilization occurs

Back 50

they become transformed into decidual cells that are designed to support the embryo

Front 51

What stimulates the menstrual phase of the cycle?

Back 51

a rapid decline in estrogen and progesterone production that occurs if fertilization did not occur

Front 52

What happens to the spiral arteries in the menstrual phase and why?

Back 52

spiral arteries contract creating areas of ischemia in the stratum functionale due to lack of hormones

Front 53

What happens to the uterine glands during the menstrual phase?

Back 53

the shrink and quit secreting

Front 54

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

Back 54

it becomes desquamated, less edematous, blood vessels rupture and sloughing of the stratum functionale occurs

Front 55

What phase occurs in place of the menstrual phase if fertilization occurs?

Back 55

the gravid phase

Front 56

What does the zygote become after a few rounds of mitotic divisions?

Back 56

a morula

Front 57

What does the morula become after a fluid filled cavity forms in it?

Back 57

the blastocyst

Front 58

What hormones does the developing placenta secrete to maintain the corpus luteum?

Back 58

luteotropins

Front 59

What is endometriosus?

Back 59

Occurs when clumps of endometrial cells settle outside of the uterus. These cells are prone to the same cycles as cells in the uterus and can cause pain and cysts

Front 60

What is the thickest layer of the uterus?

Back 60

the myometrium

Front 61

Describe the muscular layers of the myometrium

Back 61

contains three layers (longitudinal, circular, longitudinal)

Front 62

What is the stratum vasculare?

Back 62

the middle layer of the myometrium

Front 63

Why is the middle layer of the myometrium called the stratum vasculare?

Back 63

because it contains large numbers of blood vessels and lymphatics

Front 64

Describe the muscle bundles in the myometrium

Back 64

interwoven highly variable

Front 65

Describe connective tissue content of the myometrium

Back 65

significant amounts of connective tissue

Front 66

Describe the change in muscle fiber length between the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus

Back 66

nonpregnant fibers are 10x smaller than pregnant fibers

Front 67

Describe the amounts of connective tissue in the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus

Back 67

more connective tissue in the pregnant uterus than the non-pregnant uterus

Front 68

What happens to muscle fibers post-pregnancy?

Back 68

some degenerate, others return to normal size

Front 69

What is leiomyoma?

Back 69

a benign tumor of the myometrium that is probably hormone dependent (increased estrogen may cause increased size).

Front 70

When are leiomyomas most common?

Back 70

most common in women in their 30's, incidence decreases post-menopause

Front 71

What is leiomyosarcoma

Back 71

malignant tumor of the myometrium or endometrium

Front 72

What age range of leiomyosarcoma's most common?

Back 72

post-menopausal women

Front 73

What is the perimetrium?

Back 73

the outer layer of the endometrium (contains loose connective tissue and a mesothelial lining at some points)

Front 74

What happens to the mucosa of the cervix during menstruation?

Back 74

nothing, these cells are not desquamated

Front 75

What is the epithelium of the endocervix?

Back 75

simple columnar

Front 76

What is the epithelium of the ectocervix

Back 76

stratified squamous

Front 77

What is the transition zone?

Back 77

The area of between the endocervix and ectocervix

Front 78

Describe the glands of the cervix

Back 78

simple, branched

Front 79

What controls the activity of the cervical glands?

Back 79

hormones from the ovary

Front 80

Describe how the secretions from the cervical glands change throughout the cycle

Back 80

The mucous becomes less viscous (allowing sperm to travel through) during ovulation, and the mucous become increasingly thicker throughout the rest of the cycle

Front 81

What is the importance of the transition zone in terms of clinical correlations?

Back 81

the transition zone is particularly prone to developing cervical cancer

Front 82

What virus is cervical cancer usually linked with?

Back 82

human papillomavirus

Front 83

Describe the glands of the vagina

Back 83

no glands

Front 84

Name the 3 layers of the vagina

Back 84

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

Front 85

Describe the composition of the mucosa of the vagina

Back 85

contains numerous transverse folds comprised of an epithelium and the lamina propria

Front 86

What is the epithelium of the vagina?

Back 86

stratified squamous

Front 87

What effect does estrogen have on the vaginal epithelium?

Back 87

induces them to produce glycogen

Front 88

Why does the vagina produce glycogen?

Back 88

to be metabolized by luminal bacteria into lactic acid, which lowers the pH of the vagina and plays antibacterial role

Front 89

Describe the lamina propria of the vagina

Back 89

can be divided into two layer: an inner cellular layer and an outer vascular layer

Front 90

Describe the cellular layer of the vagina

Back 90

contains numerous elastic fibers and projects papillae into the epithelium

Front 91

Describe the vascular layer of the vagina

Back 91

acts like erectile tissue and becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal

Front 92

Describe the muscularis of the vagina

Back 92

consists of 2 layers; inner circular and outer longitudinal (which is continuous with the uterus)

Front 93

Describe the adventitia of the vagina

Back 93

consists of 2 layers: and inner dense connective tissues that is rich in elastic fibers and an outer less dense layer that blends into the surrounding layers

Front 94

What is the vulva?

Back 94

the collective name for the external genitalia

Front 95

Describe the epithelium of the external genitalia

Back 95

stratified squamous

Front 96

What types of nerve vessels are present in the external genitalia?

Back 96

Meissner's corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

Front 97

Where are Meissner's corpuscles located within the the external female genitalia?

Back 97

in the skin over the mons pubis and the external labia majora

Front 98

Where are Pacinian corpuscles located within the external female genitalia?

Back 98

in the deep layers of the skin in the labia majora and near the erectile tissue

Front 99

Where are the free nerve endings located in the external female genitalia?

Back 99

scattered throughout the skin of the external genitalia

Front 100

Name the 5 parts of the vulva

Back 100

-mons pubis
-labia majora
-labia minora
-vestibule
-clitoris

Front 101

What is the mons pubis?

Back 101

the area overlying the pubic symphysis that contains adipose tissue

Front 102

Describe the labia majora

Back 102

contains hair on one side, and none on the other side. Contains smooth muscle and glands

Front 103

What types of glands are located within the labia majora?

Back 103

sweat glands (both apocrine and eccrine), and sebaceous glands

Front 104

Describe the labia minora

Back 104

contains significant amount of melanin and glands

Front 105

What types of glands are present in the labia minora?

Back 105

sebaceous and sweat glands

Front 106

Describe the composition of the clitoris

Back 106

contains 2 corpora cavernosa (which act as erectile tissue) and a tubercle called the glans clitoris

Front 107

Describe the epithelium of the vulva

Back 107

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 108

Describe the glands of the vestibule

Back 108

both greater and lesser vestibular glands are present

Front 109

Describe the lesser vestibular glands

Back 109

numerous and located near the clitoris and the external urethral orifice

Front 110

Describe the greater vestibular glands

Back 110

paired structures homologous to the male bulbourethral glands