Histology, Test 2, Quarter 2, Lecture 3

Front 1

What are the three main parts of the mature sperm

Back 1

The head, neck, and tail

Front 2

Describe the organization of features in the "head" of the sperm

Back 2

contain the acrosome over the nucleus

Front 3

What is the function of the acrosome?

Back 3

contains lysosomal enzymes which serve to break down the zone pellucida of the ovum in order to fertilize the egg

Front 4

Describe the organization of features in the neck region of the mature sperm

Back 4

contains centrioles which function to connect the head to the tail

Front 5

what are the three parts of the tail of the sperm?

Back 5

the middle piece, the principal piece, and the end piece

Front 6

Describe the organization of structures within the middle piece of the tail of the mature sperm

Back 6

contain numerous spiral arranged mitochondria which function to make ATP and allow the flagellum to beat

Front 7

Describe the organization of structures within the principal piece of the mature sperm

Back 7

contains the microtubules for moving and dense fibers on the outside

Front 8

Describe the organization of structures within the end piece of the mature sperm

Back 8

does not contain dense fibers on the outside

Front 9

What is the main factor that influences sperm development?

Back 9

temperature!

Front 10

What is the temperature of the testicles compared to that of the body

Back 10

35 compared to 37

Front 11

What allows the testicular blood temperature lower than the body temperature?

Back 11

the pampiniform plexus which allows heat to be dissipated quickly

Front 12

Why does cryptorchidism result in sterility?

Back 12

Because the testicles are undescended and remain within the body cavity which means the temperature would be significantly higher resulting in inactive sperm

Front 13

Where do the mature sperm go after development in the seminiferous tubules?

Back 13

secreted along with the sertoli cell fluid to the straight tubules

Front 14

Describe the epithelium of the straight tubules

Back 14

contain sertoli cells early and simple cuboidal cells distally

Front 15

How do the newly matured sperm move?

Back 15

Not yet motile, so they move by contractile force of the myoid cells and the tunica propria

Front 16

Where does the sperm go after travelling through the straight tubules

Back 16

into the rete testis

Front 17

What is the epithelium of the rete testis?

Back 17

simple cuboidal

Front 18

What is the mediastinum in terms of the male reproductive system

Back 18

the connetive tissue in the area of the rete testis

Front 19

Name the 3 aspects of the excurrent ducts

Back 19

efferent ductules, ductus epididymidis, and the ductus deferens

Front 20

What is the function of the excurrent ducts?

Back 20

to deliver sperm to the urethra and aid in the maturation of the sperm

Front 21

What is the epididymis?

Back 21

the crescent shaped organ overlying the posterior aspect of the testis

Front 22

Name the 3 aspects of the epididymis

Back 22

head, body, tail

Front 23

Name the components of the head of the epididymis

Back 23

efferent ductules and the head of the epididymidis

Front 24

Name the components of the body and tail of the epididymis

Back 24

the epididymidis

Front 25

What is the principal site of sperm maturation

Back 25

the epididymidis

Front 26

What do the efferent ductules connect?

Back 26

the rete testis with the ductus epididymidis

Front 27

Characterize the epithelium of the efferent ductules

Back 27

low pseudostratified columnar (or simple columnar). They can be ciliated or non-ciliated

Front 28

Characterize the smooth muscle composition in the efferent ductules

Back 28

thin layer at the terminal portion

Front 29

At what point do the sperm become motile?

Back 29

in the epididymidis

Front 30

Characterize the epithelium of the epididymidis

Back 30

tall pseudostratified columnar

Front 31

Describe the surface feature of the epididymidis cells and its function

Back 31

contains stereocilia for absorption of luminal fluid

Front 32

Name 2 functions of the principal cells of the epididymidis

Back 32

1) to absorb luminal fluid
2) to secrete enzymes which aid in the maturation process

Front 33

What is the function of the basal cells in the epididymidis?

Back 33

to replace principal cells

Front 34

Characterize the smooth muscle in the epididymidis

Back 34

starts out thin and grows thicker into a three-layer muscular coat at the end

Front 35

Characterize the change in epithelium from proximal to distal epididymidis

Back 35

goes from tall pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia near the efferent ductules to a lower epithelium with shorter cilia

Front 36

What does the ductus deferens connect?

Back 36

Connects the epididymis to the urethra

Front 37

Name the 3 layers of the ductus deferens

Back 37

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

Front 38

Describe the mucosa of the ductus deferens

Back 38

pseudostratified columnar with tall microvillia (stereocilia). Also contain a thick lamina propria with lots of cells

Front 39

How does the luminal surface of the epididymidis differ from the luminal surface of the ductus deferens?

Back 39

ductus deferens has many folds, the epididymidis is relatively smooth

Front 40

Describe the muscularis of the ductus deferens

Back 40

said to have three layers, although they are not well defined. Inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal

Front 41

Characterize the adventitia of the ductus deferens

Back 41

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 42

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

Back 42

a dilation at the distal portion

Front 43

Describe the muscular coat of the ampulla of the ductus deferens

Back 43

thinner than the rest of the ductus deferens

Front 44

Where do the ejaculatory ducts form?

Back 44

after the ampulla where the seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens

Front 45

Name the accessory sex glands

Back 45

seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Front 46

Describe the seminal vesicle

Back 46

is a highyl tortuous tubule that opens into the ductus deferens

Front 47

What controls the secretory activity of the seminal vesicle?

Back 47

testosterone

Front 48

How are the folds of the mucosa of the seminal vesicle named?

Back 48

primary, secondary, tertiary

Front 49

Describe the epithelium of the seminal vesicle

Back 49

pseudostratified columnar/cuboidal

Front 50

What do the seminal vesicles secrete in their secretory granules

Back 50

carbohydrates, prostaglandins, proteins.

Front 51

Where does a majority of the ejaculate come from?

Back 51

the seminal vesicle

Front 52

Characterize the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle

Back 52

rich in elastic fibers

Front 53

Characterize the muscularis of the seminal vesicle

Back 53

consists of smooth muscle which contracts during ejaculation to force out the seminal fluid

Front 54

What is the largest accessory sex gland in the male?

Back 54

the prostate

Front 55

Characterize the glands of the prostate

Back 55

contain 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands embedded within the stroma

Front 56

Describe the capsule of the prostate

Back 56

fibrocollagenous that extends septa into the prostate to form ill-organized lobules

Front 57

What type of glands are present in the prostate?

Back 57

branched tubuloalveolar

Front 58

Describe the epithelium of cells within the glands of the prostate

Back 58

pseudostratified cuboidal

Front 59

Name the 4 zones of the prostate

Back 59

1) periurethral zone
2) transitional zone
3) central zone
4) peripheral zone

Front 60

Describe the periurethral zone

Back 60

surrounds the urethra

Front 61

Where is the transitional zone of the prostate

Back 61

correlates to the anterior lobe. between the periurethral zone and the central zone

Front 62

Where is the central zone of the prostate

Back 62

correlates to the posterior median lob. thicker than transitional.

Front 63

Where is the peripheral zone of the prostate

Back 63

contains the main prostatic glands. lateral and posterior lobes, make up most of the prostate

Front 64

Describe the contents of the stroma of the prostate

Back 64

collagen, fibroblasts, smooth muscle

Front 65

What are the corpora amylacea?

Back 65

the calcifications of secretions found in the tubules of the prostate gland

Front 66

Describe the contents of the corpora amylacea

Back 66

calcified and contain glycoprotein

Front 67

What does the prostate secrete>?

Back 67

acid phosphatase, citric acid, and fibrinolysin

Front 68

What is the function of the prosatic secretion?

Back 68

to help liquify the semen

Front 69

What causes the ejaculation of semen and prostatic secretions?

Back 69

contraction of the fibromuscular tissue of the prostate

Front 70

How do hormone levels affect the prostate?

Back 70

the prostatic epithelium requires a certain level of testosterone. Without appropriate levels, the function and production of the prostate decreases

Front 71

Name 2 common disorders of the prostate

Back 71

benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer

Front 72

What population is prone to benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Back 72

old men

Front 73

What zone of the prostate is affected in the BPH

Back 73

transitional zone

Front 74

What are the effects of BPH

Back 74

difficulty urinating due to obstruction (hypertrophy)

Front 75

What zones does prostate cancer usually affect?

Back 75

the peripheral zones

Front 76

Classify the majority of the types of prostate cancer

Back 76

adenocarcinoma

Front 77

Characterize the bulbourethral glands

Back 77

compound tubuloalveolar glands

Front 78

Describe the secretion of the bulbourethral glands

Back 78

watery, slightly mucoid secretion

Front 79

What is the function of the secretion from the bulbourethral gland?

Back 79

lubricate before the ejaculate arrives

Front 80

Name the erectile components of the penis

Back 80

2 corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongeosum

Front 81

Where is the transitional zone of the prostate

Back 81

correlates to the anterior lobe. between the periurethral zone and the central zone

Front 82

Where is the central zone of the prostate

Back 82

correlates to the posterior median lob. thicker than transitional.

Front 83

Where is the peripheral zone of the prostate

Back 83

contains the main prostatic glands. lateral and posterior lobes, make up most of the prostate

Front 84

Describe the contents of the stroma of the prostate

Back 84

collagen, fibroblasts, smooth muscle

Front 85

What are the corpora amylacea?

Back 85

the calcifications of secretions found in the tubules of the prostate gland

Front 86

Describe the contents of the corpora amylacea

Back 86

calcified and contain glycoprotein

Front 87

What does the prostate secrete?

Back 87

acid phosphatase, citric acid, and fibrinolysin

Front 88

What is the function of the prostatic secretion?

Back 88

to help liquify the semen

Front 89

What causes the ejaculation of semen and prostatic secretions?

Back 89

contraction of the fibromuscular tissue of the prostate

Front 90

How do hormone levels affect the prostate?

Back 90

the prostatic epithelium requires a certain level of testosterone. Without appropriate levels, the function and production of the prostate decreases

Front 91

Name the arteries that supply the penis

Back 91

deep artery, dorsal artery, artery of the bulb, urethral artery

Front 92

What do the deep arteries of the penis branch to form?

Back 92

nutritive and helicine arteries

Front 93

Describe the role of helicine arteries in erection?

Back 93

normally spiral when the penis is flaccid, they become engorged and straight when the penis is erect

Front 94

How does an erection occur in terms of the arteriovenous shunts

Back 94

parasympathetics close the arteriovenous shunts and blood flows into the vascular spaces of the penis

Front 95

What role does the anterior pituitary play on the male reproductive system

Back 95

hypothalamus releases gonadotrophin-releasing hormone that acts on the anterior pituitary

Front 96

What happens as a result of GnRH in the anterior pituitary?

Back 96

stimulates gonadotrophs to secrete LH and FSH that will act on the Leydig cells and sertoli cells respectively

Front 97

What response do the leydig cells have after stimulation by LH

Back 97

secrete testosterone

Front 98

What happens to the pituitary after the leydig cells secrete testosterone

Back 98

negative feedback, GnRH secretion stops

Front 99

What does testosterone do to the male reproductive system

Back 99

acts on sertoli cells and encourages spermatogenesis

Front 100

What do Sertoli cells release in response to FSH

Back 100

secrete androgen binding protein to hang on to the testosterone being produced

Front 101

Describe the feedback role of the sertoli cells

Back 101

secrete inhibin which acts back on the pituitary to stop secreting FSH