Histology, Test 1, Quarter 2, Lecture 4

Front 1

What is the function of the nasal cavities?

Back 1

to filter air

Front 2

What are the components of the air conduction system?

Back 2

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree

Front 3

What the main function of the respiratory system and where is it carried out?

Back 3

gas exchange in the lungs

Front 4

What is the function of olfactory mucosa?

Back 4

sense of smell

Front 5

Describe the general structure of the nasal cavity

Back 5

paired chambers separated by a bony and cartilaginous septum

Front 6

What the external opening of the nasal cavity called?

Back 6

nostril

Front 7

What is the internal opening of the nasal cavity called?

Back 7

choana

Front 8

Name the 3 regions of the nasal cavity

Back 8

vestibule, respiratory segment, olfactory segment

Front 9

What is the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Back 9

the most anterior aspect whose skin is continuous with skin of the face

Front 10

What is the epithelium of the nostril?

Back 10

stratified squamous

Front 11

What are the vibrassae?

Back 11

stiff hairs used to capture dust and large particles

Front 12

Where are the vibrassae located within the nasal cavity?

Back 12

in the vestibule

Front 13

What type of glands are associated with the vibrassae?

Back 13

sebaceous glands

Front 14

What is the major component of the nasal cavity?

Back 14

the respiratory segment

Front 15

What is the function of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity?

Back 15

to warm, filter and moisten air

Front 16

Name the 2 layers of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 16

1) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2) lamina propria

Front 17

Name the 5 types of cells located in the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 17

1) ciliated cells
2) goblet cells
3) basal cells
4) brush cells
5) small granule cells

Front 18

Describe the structure of ciliated cells

Back 18

tall columnar cells with numerous cilia projecting from the apical surface

Front 19

What is the function of the cilia located on cilia cells?

Back 19

to move mucous through the respiratory system

Front 20

What is the function of Goblet cells

Back 20

to secrete mucous to coat the epithelial lining

Front 21

What type of secretion pattern do goblet cells use?

Back 21

merocrine secretion

Front 22

What is the function of basal cells

Back 22

To differentiate and replace cells in the respiratory segment.

Front 23

How can basal cells be recognized?

Back 23

They are small cells along the basement membrane which do not reach the surface

Front 24

Describe the structure of brush cells

Back 24

difficult to recognize, but have short, blunt microvilli

Front 25

What is the function of brush cells in the respiratory system?

Back 25

generalized sensation

Front 26

What are small granule cells homologous to in the gut?

Back 26

enteroendocrine cells

Front 27

What is the function of small granule cells

Back 27

to secrete (contain numerous secretory granules)

Front 28

Describe the attachment of the lamina propria in the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 28

attached to the underlying perichondrium or periosteum

Front 29

What is a special feature of the lamina propria of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 29

contains an extensive venous plexus which aids in the warming of air

Front 30

What happens to the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity during hay fever?

Back 30

venous plexus of the lamina propria becomes engorged

Front 31

Name the 2 points of the respiratory segment that are different. How are they different?

Back 31

Medial wall is smooth
Lateral wall has turbinates

Front 32

What are turbinates?

Back 32

series of folds on the lateral wall of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity which function to warm and moisten the air

Front 33

Name the two layers of the olfactory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 33

contains specialized olfactory epithelium and thick lamina propria

Front 34

How is the olfactory epithelium different from the epithelium of the rest of the respiratory system?

Back 34

contains neurons and lacks goblet cells

Front 35

Name the types of cells located within the olfactory epithelium

Back 35

olfactory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

Front 36

Describe how the epithelial cells of the olfactory segment of the nasal cavity can be distinguished

Back 36

supporting cell nuclei are most apical, olfactory cell nuclei are in the middle, and basal cell nuclei are most basally located

Front 37

Describe the overal structure of the olfactory cell

Back 37

bipolar neuron with the dendrite at the apical surface and the axon at the at the basal layer

Front 38

What is the olfactory vesicle?

Back 38

the knob-like structure at the tip of the olfactory cell dendrite. It contains numerous cilia for capturing odorant molecules

Front 39

What are olfactory receptors and where are they located

Back 39

located in the plasma membrane of the cilia in the olfactory vesicle. Captures odorant molecules

Front 40

Describe the fate of the olfactory axon

Back 40

join with other olfactory axons to form the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

Front 41

What is unique about olfactory cells?

Back 41

among the few neurons that can actively replace themselves in post-natal development

Front 42

Describe the structure of sustentacular cells of the olfactory segment

Back 42

tall columnar cells with microvilli. Apically placed nucleus

Front 43

What is the function of the sustentacular cells within the olfactory segment?

Back 43

to provide mechanical and metabolic support of the olfactory cells

Front 44

What is the function of basal cells and where are they located?

Back 44

progenitors of the other types of cells in the olfactory segment epithelia. Located basally

Front 45

Name three of the major components within the lamina propria of the olfactory segment of the nasal cavity

Back 45

Bowman's Glands
unmyelinated axons
venous plexus

Front 46

What is the function of Bowman's glands?

Back 46

to secrete a serous fluid which acts as a trap and solvent for odiferous materials. Also serve to wash the olfactory segment so new smells can be detected

Front 47

Describe the structure of Bowman's glands

Back 47

branched tubuloalveolar serous

Front 48

Describe the presence of unmyelinated axons within the lamina propria

Back 48

axons from the olfactory cells which are on their way to forming the olfactory nerve

Front 49

What does the pharynx do?

Back 49

Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the layrnx (nasopharynx) and to the esophagus (oropharynx).

Front 50

Describe the epithelium of the nasopharynx

Back 50

typical respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)

Front 51

What is the larynx?

Back 51

connection between the pharynx and the trachea

Front 52

Describe the overall structure of the larynx

Back 52

supported by elastic and hyaline cartilage c-shaped rings

Front 53

Describe the epithelium of the larynx

Back 53

most of it is ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, areas of high abrasion of stratified squamous (vocal cords and epiglottis)

Front 54

What is the trachea?

Back 54

connects the larynx to the bronchi

Front 55

Name the layers of the trachea

Back 55

mucosa
submucosa
tracheal cartilages
trachealis muscle
adventitia

Front 56

Name the two aspects that make up the mucosa of the trachea

Back 56

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and lamina propria

Front 57

Describe the changes noticed in the mucosa of smokers vs. the mucosa of non-smokers

Back 57

basement membrane of the repiratory epithelium is thickened

Front 58

Name the cell types located within the mucosa of the trachea

Back 58

goblet cells
brush cells
ciliated cells
basal cells
small granule cells

Front 59

Describe the lamina propria of the trachea

Back 59

elastic-fiber rich. The elastic membrane at the bottom of the lamina propria is the defining point between the lamina propria and the submucosa

Front 60

What are the contents of the submucosa of the trachea

Back 60

contain loose connective tissue and seromucous glands

Front 61

Describe the secretion pathway of the seromucous glands located within the submucosa of the trachea

Back 61

ducts extend through the lamina propria to the surface of the epithelium

Front 62

What separates the submucosa from the adventitia in the trachea?

Back 62

tracheal cartilages

Front 63

Describe the tracheal cartilages

Back 63

(about 20) c-shaped cartilaginous rings that are covered by a perichondrium

Front 64

What is the trachealis muscle?

Back 64

connects to ends of the c-shaped cartilages. Consists of smooth muscle

Front 65

Describe the adventitia of the trachea

Back 65

outermost covering of the trachea which attaches to other structures

Front 66

What are the bronchi?

Back 66

connect the trachea into each of the lungs

Front 67

What are the primary bronchi

Back 67

connect the trachea to the left and right lung. Supported by cartilaginous rings

Front 68

What are secondary bronchi?

Back 68

divisions of the primary bronchi that feed the lobes of the lungs (2 to the left and 3 to the right). Supported by smaller cartilaginous rings

Front 69

What are tertiary bronchi?

Back 69

Divisions of the secondary bronchi which feed the bronchopulmonary segments (8 in left, 10 in right)

Front 70

Name the 5 layers of the bronchi

Back 70

mucosa
muscularis
submucosa
cartilaginous rings
adventitia

Front 71

Name the subdivisions of the mucosa within the bronchi

Back 71

consists of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and a lamina propria

Front 72

What is an additional feature of the muscosal epithelium within the bronchi?

Back 72

goblet cells

Front 73

What is an additional feature of the lamina propria of the bronchi?

Back 73

bronchi-associated lymphatic tissue

Front 74

Characterize the muscularis of the bronchi

Back 74

continuous layer of smooth muscle

Front 75

Characterize the submucosa of the bronchi

Back 75

loose connective tissue with glands and adipose tissue

Front 76

Characterize the cartilagenous plates.

Back 76

continue through the bronchi as they become smaller and smaller.

Front 77

What defines a bronchiole from a bronchi?

Back 77

lack of cartilagenous plates and glands

Front 78

Characterize the adventitia of the bronchia

Back 78

dense connective tissue which is the outermost layer of the bronchi

Front 79

Describe the divisions from the level of the larger bronchioles

Back 79

Large bronchioles divide into terminal bronchioles which split into respiratory bronchioles which eventually end as alveoli

Front 80

What is the epithelium of the terminal bronchiole?

Back 80

simple cuboidal

Front 81

Name the 2 types of cells located within the epithelium of the terminal bronchiole

Back 81

ciliated cuboidal cells
clara cells

Front 82

What is the function of ciliated cuboidal cells?

Back 82

to propel secretions up the bronchioles

Front 83

What is the most common cell type in the terminal bronchiole

Back 83

the ciliated cuboidal cell

Front 84

What is the function of clara cells?

Back 84

secretion of proteins

Front 85

Describe the cellular structure of the clara cell

Back 85

bulging apical surface, secretory granules at the apical surface, dense rER, Golgi and sER

Front 86

Name the 2 types of materials located in the secretory vesicles of the terminal bronchi

Back 86

lipoproteins and clara cell proteins

Front 87

What is the function of the lipoproteins in the secretory vesicles of the terminal bronchi

Back 87

to prevent pulmonary adhesions in the case of collapse

Front 88

What is the function of the Clara cell proteins found in the secretory vesicles in the terminal bronchi

Back 88

additional component of airway secretions

Front 89

How much smooth muscle is located within the terminal bronchioles?

Back 89

still an abundant amount

Front 90

What is the first part of the respiratory system to particpate in gas exchange?

Back 90

respiratory bronchioles

Front 91

Describe the cells of the respiratory bronchioles

Back 91

contain ciliated cuboidal cells and clara cells

Front 92

Describe the difference in terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

Back 92

Clara cells increase distally while ciliated cells decrease distally. Little smooth muscle distally

Front 93

What is an alveolar duct?

Back 93

a canal that forms as a result of more and more alveoli opening up from a single respiratory bronchiole

Front 94

What are alveolar sacs?

Back 94

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

Front 95

How does cystic fibrosis effect the respiratory system?

Back 95

exocrine glands (including goblet cells) secrete an abnormally thick mucous secretion resulting blockages

Front 96

What is the major site of gas exchange?

Back 96

alveoli

Front 97

What makes up the interstitium between the alveoli?

Back 97

a connective tissue septa and capillaries

Front 98

Describe the walls of the capillaries in the interstitium of the alveoli

Back 98

very thin, but continuous

Front 99

Describe the alveolar septum contents

Back 99

connective tissue and elastic fibers.

Front 100

Name the two types of cells that line the air spaces of the alveoli

Back 100

Type I and Type II pneumocytes

Front 101

What is the main cell of the surface of the alveolus?

Back 101

the type I pneumocyte

Front 102

Describe the shape of the type 1 pneumocyte

Back 102

flattened squamoust

Front 103

What, specifically, is the primary site of gas exchange?

Back 103

the blood-air barrier

Front 104

How is the air-blood barrier formed?

Back 104

occluding junctions hold type I pneumocytes and endothelial cells together. The basal lamina of these two types of cells are fused

Front 105

Describe the reproductive capacity of Type I and Type II pneumocytes

Back 105

Type I can't undero mitosis, Type II does

Front 106

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

Back 106

secretion of surfactant

Front 107

Where are type II pneumocytes located?

Back 107

at the septal junction

Front 108

Other than secreting surfactant, what can Type II pneumocytes do?

Back 108

undergo mitosis and replace Type I pneumocytes

Front 109

What does surfactant do?

Back 109

its a thin film that prevents alveolar collapse

Front 110

What are the 2 major components of surfactant?

Back 110

phospholipids and hydrophobic proteins

Front 111

What is the function of the phospholipids in the surfactant

Back 111

reduce surface tension

Front 112

What is the function of the hydrophobic proteins located in the surfactant

Back 112

help organize the surfactant layer and modulate an immune response

Front 113

What happens if an infant is born and proper levels of surfactant have not be synthesized yet?

Back 113

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (alveoli can collapse)

Front 114

Where are alveolar pores located and what is their function?

Back 114

located at the alveolar septum and can equalize air pressure and provide collateral circulation in the instance of bronchiole obstruction

Front 115

What is the function of an alveolar macrophage?

Back 115

Can swallow up dust particles or erythrocytes which make it into the alveoli

Front 116

What do alveolar macrophages derive from?

Back 116

monocytes

Front 117

Where are alveolar macrophages located?

Back 117

in the septal wall or in the air space of the alveoli

Front 118

How does tuberculosis affect the respiratory system?

Back 118

alveolar macrophages cannot digest these bacteria resulting in an accumulation of them. Another infection can cause the release of these bacteria

Front 119

Describe the blood flow loop to the alveoli

Back 119

pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the alveoli where it becomes oxygenated and returned via the pulmonary vein

Front 120

Describe the concept of bronchiolar circulation

Back 120

supplies lung tissue that is NOT the alveoli. Blood comes from bronchial arteries

Front 121

Describe the course of the lymphatic vessels of the respiratory system

Back 121

follow the course of the bronchi and the pulmonary blood vessels

Front 122

Where does lymph from the bronchial tree drain?

Back 122

to lymph nodes at the hilum

Front 123

Name the two most common types of malignant tumors in the lungs

Back 123

non small-cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma

Front 124

Describe the developemental rate of the non small cell carcinoma. Of small cell carcinoma?

Back 124

NSCC: fast developing
SCC: rapid metastasis

Front 125

Name the two most common types of NSCC

Back 125

squamous cell carcinome and adenocarcinoma

Front 126

Which is more selective of smokers, NSCC or SCC

Back 126

SCC

Front 127

What is another term for SCC

Back 127

oat cell carcinoma