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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Connective tissue facts |
-one of four fundamental tissue types -holds everything together -has four major classes -composed of three different components -major environment of the immune system |
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Classes of CT |
-Embryonic CT: mesoderm, mesenchyme, mucous -Loose CT -Dense CT: regular and irregular -Specialized: adipose, blood, bone, cartilage, lymphatic |
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Mesenchyme CT |
-Small, spindle shaped cells -Uniform appearance -3D cellular network -Capable of turing into other tissue types |
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Differentiation of mesenchymal cells |
-"blast" = primitive cell that has differentiated enough to commit to a cell type -Exception: fibroblasts can become many things |
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Mucous CT (Wharton's Jelly) |
-Found mostly in umbilical cord -Cells: fibroblasts and FEW mesenchymal cells -More space between cells -Less reticular fibers |
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Loose (Areolar) CT |
-Loosely arrange collagen fibers & many types of cells -Primarily under epithelium -Inflammation site -Lamina Propria: LCT of mucous membranes -Red=mast cells -Brown=collagen |
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Dense Irregular |
-Mostly collagen in various directions -Little ground substance and sparse fibroblasts -Strength and stress resistance -Submucosa of hollow organs -Reticular layer of dermis -Collagen (green) -Fibroblast (dark nuclei) |
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Dense Regular |
-Parallel collagen -Little ground substance -Few fibroblasts -Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses |
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Tendinocytes |
-Special fibroblasts in tendons -Special ECM protects from tensile strain |
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Cells of Connective tissue |
-Two types: Resident and Transient (circulation) -Resident-Fibroblasts, Myofibroblasts, Macrophages, Adipocytes, Mast cells -Transient-WBC's, plasma cells |
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Fibroblasts |
-Most common -Major protein synthesizer: GAGs, Collagen, Elastin, Proteoglycan -Eosin stains its abundance of rER/ribosomes BLUE -Fibrocytes- less rER and Golgi |
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Mast Cells |
-Most commonly found in loose CT -Similar to basophils -Surface covered in IgE -Releases histamine, heparin, serine, proteases, leukotrienes |
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Plasma Cells |
-Large ovoid cells -"Clock face" nucleus -Short life span -Derived from B cells -Produce antibodies -Loose connective tissue |
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Extracellular matrix |
-Surrounds and supports cells -Composed of fibers and ground substance |
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ECM functions |
-Mechanical and structural support -Biochemical barrier -Metabolic regulation -Anchors CT cells -Cell migration -Regulates growth and maturity |
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Ground substance |
-high water content -slippery -composed of different classes of molecules: proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins -white space on micrographs |
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Glycosaminoglycans |
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Hyaluronan |
-Synovial fluid, vitreous, ECM -Lubricant, shock absorption |
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Chondroitin 4-sulfate Chondroitin 6-sulfate |
-Cartilage, skin, bone, heart valves -Shock absorption |
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Dermatan sulfate |
-Skin, blood vessels, heart valves -Wound repair, modulator of cell behavior |
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Keratin sulfate |
-Bone, cartilage, cornea -Axonal guidance, cellular recognition, corneal transparency |
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Heparin sulfate |
-Basal lamina, cell surface -Facilitates interactions with FGF and its receptor |
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Proteoglycans |
-GAGs are attached -Regulates moving of molecules |
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Aggrecan |
-Cartilage, chondrocytes -Hydration of ECM |
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Decorin |
-CT, fibroblasts, cartilage, bone -Collagen fibrillogenesis |
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Versican |
-Fibroblasts, skin, smooth muscle, brain, kidney -Cell-Cell, Cell-ECM interactions |
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Syndecan |
-Lymphocytes, plasma cells, embryonic epithelia -Links cells to ECM |
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Osteopontin |
-Multiadhesive glycoprotein -Bone -Binds osteoclasts, binds calcium and hydroxyapetite |
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Laminin |
-Multiadhesive glycoprotein -Basal lamina of all epithelial cells -Anchors cell surface to basal lamina |
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Tenascin |
-Multiadhesive glycoprotein -Embryonic mesenchyme, wounds, tumors, musculoteninous junctions -Modulation of cell attachment to ECM |
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Fibronectin |
-Multiadhesive glycoprotein -Many ECM tissues -Cell adhesion |
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Fibers of ECM |
-Collagen -Reticular -Elastic |
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Collagen Fibers |
-Most abundant fibers -Thread like subunits -68nm banding |
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Collagen Fiber staining |
-Eosin -Aniline Blue (Mallory Trichrome) -Dye Light Green (Masson Trichrome) -Orange G |
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Collagen Fibril |
-Staggered collagen molecules -Covalent bonds between lysine gives it strength -Collagen molecule = triple helix of alpha chains -Every third AA is Glycine- hydrogen bonding between Glycine and Proline also gives strength |
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Collagen families (to know) |
-Fibrillar collagens -Fibril associated collagens with interrupted triple helixes -Hexagonal network forming collagens -Transmembrane -Multiplexins -Basement membrane-forming collagens |
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Collagen Types |
-Type 1, 2, 3, 4 |
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Type 1 Collagen |
-90% of collagen body -Skin, bone, tendon, ligaments -Resistance to force, tension, and stretch |
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Type 2 Collagen |
-Cartilage (hyaline and elastic) -Resistance to intermittent pressure |
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Type 3 Collagen |
-Loose connective tissue -Forms reticular fibers -Supportive scaffolding |
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Type 4 Collagen |
-Basal lamina of epithelia -Support and filtration |
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Osteogenesis imperfect type 1 |
-Defect in Type 1 collagen -Normal quality, but abnormal QUANTITY -Abnormal teeth, blue sclera, brittle bones, repeated fractures, hearing loss, thin skin, weak tendons -Null COL1A1 allele -autosomal dominant -60% de novo |
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Osteogenesis imperfecta type 2 |
-Defect in Type 1 collagen -Abnormal QUALITY and QUANTITY -Severe bone deformities, Resp comps, ICH, short life span -COL1A1 and COL1A2 alleles -100% de novo |
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Kniest Dysplasia |
-Defect in Type 2 collagen -Short stature, ocular changes, wide metaphyses |
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Stickler's Syndrome |
-Defect in Type XI collagen and mutation in Type 2 gene -Kniest Dysplasia with craniofacial deformities, retinal detachment, hearing loss |
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome |
-Defect in Type 3 collagen -Many subtypes -Hyperflexibility of joints -Hyperextensibility of skin -Vascular and joint rupture |
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Alport's Syndrome |
-Type 4 collagen defect -Hematuria, ocular lesions, and progressive hearing loss |
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Kindler's Syndrome |
-Defect in type 7 collagen -Easily blistered after minor trauma -Absence of anchoring fibrils |
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Generalized Atrophic Benign Epidermolysis Bullosa (GABEB) |
-Defect in type 17 collagen -Blistering disease with mechanically induced separation of epidermis/dermis -Faulty hemidesmosomes |
