Histology Test 1

Front 1

What is glycocalyx? What does it look like? What are its main functions?

Back 1

Glycoprotein cell coat covering many membranes associated with the GI tract. A PINK FUZZY HAT for the cells to wear.
Functions-
Cellular attachment to extracellular matrix parts.
Binding of antigens and enzymes to cell surface.
Cell-Cell recognition and interaction.
Absorption of molecules to the cell surface.

Front 2

Inclusions

Back 2

Products of metabolism or other material that accumulates in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Front 3

What are the two types of chromatin?

Back 3

Heterochromatin and Euchromatic

Front 4

Heterochromatin-
Staining?
Activity?
Location?

Back 4

Dark staining (Clumped up)
Limited transcription.
Binds to inside of nuclear membrane.

Front 5

Euchromatin-
Staining?
Activity?
Location?

Back 5

Lighter staining.
Transcriptionally active.
Dispersed in region of nucleus.

Front 6

Nucleolus-
Made of?
Function?
Number in a cell?

Back 6

Made of rRNA and protein.
Production of ribosomes.
1 or 2 per cell. Neurons often have 2.

Front 7

What is glycocalyx? What does it look like? What are its main functions?

Back 7

Glycoprotein cell coat covering many membranes associated with the GI tract. A PINK FUZZY HAT for the cells to wear.
Functions-
Cellular attachment to extracellular matrix parts.
Binding of antigens and enzymes to cell surface.
Cell-Cell recognition and interaction.
Absorption of molecules to the cell surface.

Front 8

Inclusions

Back 8

Products of metabolism or other material that accumulates in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Front 9

What are the two types of chromatin?

Back 9

Heterochromatin and Euchromatic

Front 10

Heterochromatin-
Staining?
Activity?
Location?

Back 10

Dark staining (Clumped up)
Limited transcription.
Binds to inside of nuclear membrane.

Front 11

Euchromatin-
Staining?
Activity?
Location?

Back 11

Lighter staining.
Transcriptionally active.
Dispersed in region of nucleus.

Front 12

Nucleolus-
Made of?
Function?
Number in a cell?

Back 12

Made of rRNA and protein.
Production of ribosomes.
1 or 2 per cell. Neurons often have 2.

Front 13

The site of noncytosolic protein synthesis.

Back 13

RER

Front 14

Makes proteins that will be shipped out in vesicles to the extracellular world.

Back 14

RER

Front 15

What is RER called in neurons? Is it prevalent?

Back 15

Nissl bodies in neurons. Neurons are very active so there are lots of Nissl bodies.

Front 16

What does cytoplasm with abundant RER look like in an H & E prep?

Back 16

purple fuzzy flame stuff

Front 17

Anastomising tubules not associated with ribosomes.

Back 17

SER

Front 18

Found primarily in steroid synthesizing cells

Back 18

SER

Front 19

Found in abundance in Leydig cells of the testis and zona fasciculata cells of adrenal gland cortex

Back 19

SER

Front 20

This organelle plays a critical role in drug detoxification.

Back 20

SER

Front 21

Lots of this organelle is found in cells involved in the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol. (such as hepatocytes)

Back 21

SER

Front 22

The major functions of this organelle are carbohydrate synthesis, processing of noncytosolic proteins synthesized in the rER, membrane retrieval, recycling and redistribution.

Back 22

Golgi apparatus

Front 23

These organelles can be stable or transient and are formed as a result of endocytosis.

Back 23

Endosomes

Front 24

Aka microbodies. This organelle contains catalase and peroxidase for oxidative digestion of things like fatty acids.

Back 24

Peroxisomes

Front 25

Are the mitochondria generally seen in LM?

Back 25

Not usually but you can sometimes see them in the liver hepatocytes or neurons.

Front 26

Membrane bound vacuoles that contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest old junk.

Back 26

Lysosomes

Front 27

What diseases can result from the hydrolytic breakdown of the contents of lysosomes? Why?

Back 27

Creates residual bodies.
Tay-Sachs Disease
Alzheimers
Parkinsons

Front 28

What are residual bodies?

Back 28

Vacuoles containing indigestible compounds.

Front 29

What happens to the contents of residual bodies?

Back 29

They can be expelled from the cell by exocytosis or they may accumulate in the cell as lipofuscin pigment.

Front 30

What is Lipofuscin Pigment?

Back 30

accumulated residual bodies in the cell

Front 31

What are Lewy bodies?

Back 31

specialized name for residual bodies in the CNS

Front 32

What are the nonmembranous organelles?

Back 32

Centrioles and Ribosomes

Front 33

What are the three types of cytoskeleton?

Back 33

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments.

Front 34

Carbohydrates (melanosomes and melanin), lipids, crystalline structures and pigments are all examples of what?

Back 34

Inclusions

Front 35

What are Inclusions?

Back 35

They are conglomerations of STUFF gunking up cells.

Front 36

Where would you see the most accumulation of Lipofuscin and why?

Back 36

Neurons and cardiac muscle especially. It accumulates with time and these are long-lived cells.

Front 37

What is another example of a pigment that might build up as a cell inclusion? (besides Lipofuscin)

Back 37

Hemoglobin breakdown pigments. Contain iron or bilirubin which is a yellowish green pigment that causes jaundice in newborns.

Front 38

Tight Junction aka ?

Back 38

Zonula Occludens

Front 39

In this type of junction the outer layers of the cell membranes of the two cells are fused around their entire circumferences.

Back 39

Tight Junction (Zonula Occludens)

Front 40

This junction is typically found at the apex of cells

Back 40

Tight Junction

Front 41

Cell adhesions must provide sufficient force to overcome what?

Back 41

They must overcome the repulsion force between cells. Sugars are negatively charged so this causes a proximity of negative charges.

Front 42

Tight junctions are mediated by?

Back 42

Occludin

Front 43

This type of cell junction also attaches cells around their entire circumference but with a slight gap between them.

Back 43

Zonula adherens

Front 44

What is the mechanism of Zonula adheren junctions?

Back 44

Actine fibers in adjacent cells are linked by actin-binding proteins to a transmembrane protein that mediates cell adhesion.

Front 45

What is the strongest type of cell to cell adhesion?

Back 45

Zonula adherens

Front 46

This type of junction is stabilized by the organization of the actin cytoskeleton into adhesion belts.

Back 46

Zonula adherens

Front 47

Zonula adherens junctions are mediated by?

Back 47

Cadherins

Front 48

Desmosomes aka ?

Back 48

Macula adherens

Front 49

This type of cell attachment is found at numerous spots around the cell membrane.

Back 49

Desmosomes/ Macula adherens

Front 50

In this type of junction, transmembrane linkers span the gap between cells. They anchor into tonofilaments within an attachment plaque just under the cell membrane of each cell.

Back 50

Desmosomes

Front 51

Although not the strongest cell to cell junction, these junctions are also very strong and difficult to break.

Back 51

Desmosomes

Front 52

Transmembrane linkers with attachment plaque.

Back 52

Desmosomes

Front 53

What are desmosomes mediated by?

Back 53

Desmoglein, Desmoplakin

Front 54

This type of cell junction doesnt really hold the cells together.

Back 54

Gap Junction

Front 55

How does a gap junction work?

Back 55

In a gap junction, there is a small gap between the cells. There are channels through this gap (connexons) which allow a connection of the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

Front 56

This type of cell junction allows small ions to flow between the cells.

Back 56

Gap Junctions

Front 57

Cardiac muscles have lots of what type of junction?

Back 57

Gap Junctions

Front 58

Where are hemidesmosomes found?

Back 58

At the base of cells.

Front 59

What is the function of hemidesmosomes?

Back 59

They anchor cells to the underlying connective tissue.

Front 60

A lack of functional _________ would result in severe blistering of the epithelium of the skin.

Back 60

Hemidesmosomes

Front 61

Hemidesmosomes are mediate by?

Back 61

Integrins

Front 62

What is the mechanism of Focal Adhesions?

Back 62

They anchor actin filaments to the basement membrane below.

Front 63

These play an important role in epithelial cell migration and would repair.

Back 63

Focal Adhesions

Front 64

These adhesions are dynamic and constantly undergoing change by linking and releasing actin from the extracellular matrix proteins.

Back 64

Focal Adhesions.