Histology Review Md1 Block 2 Final Cut

Front 1

Elliptocytosis

Back 1

a hereditary disorder characterized by elliptocytes, with increased red cell destruction and anemia.

Front 2

Spherocytosis

Back 2

a congenital hereditary form of hemolytic anemia characterized by spherocytosis, abnormal fragility of erythrocytes, jaundice, and splenomegaly.

Front 3

Sickle cell anemia

Back 3

red blood cells form an abnormal sickle or crescent shape.

Front 4

Thalasemia

Back 4

(inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Front 5

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 5

.

Front 6

Granulomatous Disease

Back 6

Characterized by growth of tiny blood vessels and connective tissue.

Front 7

Hemophilia

Back 7

takes a long time for the blood to clot.

Hemophilia A;

Hemophilia B; Von Willebrand Dz.

Front 8

Pernicious anemia

Back 8

Hypochromic anemia

Hemochromatosis

Leukemias

Hint 8

a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.



Hemochromatosis is too much iron in the body. It is also called iron overload.


is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow.

Front 9

Thrombocytosis

Back 9

Auto-immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Hint 9

(ITP) is the condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) of no known cause (idiopath..


(TTP) is a blood disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around the body, and leads to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).

Front 10

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Back 10

(TTP) is a blood disorder that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels around the body, and leads to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).

Front 11

Auto-immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Back 11

(ITP) is the condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) of no known cause (idiopath..

Front 12

Hypochromic anemia ?

What class anemia is it?

Back 12

a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.

Pernicious anemia

Front 13

Hemochromatosis ?


What class anemia is it?

Back 13

Hemochromatosis is too much iron in the body. It is also called iron overload.

Pernicious anemia

Front 14

Leukemias?

What class anemia is it?

Back 14

is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow.


Pernicious anemia

Front 15

is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow.

Back 15

Leukemias

What class anemia is it?

Hint 15

Pernicious anemia

Front 16

too much iron in the body. It is also called iron overload.

Back 16

Hemochromatosis

What class anemia is it?

Hint 16

Pernicious anemia

Front 17

a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.

Back 17

Hypochromic anemia

What class anemia is it?

Hint 17

Pernicious anemia

Front 18

Regulation of Erythropoiesis:

Back 18

Tissue hypoxia induced erythropoietin (EPO) from kidney, which stimulates Erythropoiesis in bone marrow.

Front 19

Monocytes differentiates

Kupffer cells

Back 19

Kupffer cells

Front 20

Monocytes differentiates

Lung

Back 20

Alveolar macrophage or Dust cell

Front 21

Monocytes differentiates

Bone

Back 21

Osteoclast

Front 22

Monocytes differentiates

Skin

Back 22

Langerhans cell

Front 23

Monocytes differentiates

Brain

Back 23

Microglia

Front 24

Alveolar macrophage or Dust cell
Monocytes differentiates where?

Back 24

Lung

Front 25

Kupffer cells
Monocytes differentiates where?

Back 25

Liver

Front 26

Osteocleast
Monocytes differentiates where?

Back 26

Bone

Front 27

Langerhans cell
Monocytes differentiates where?

Back 27

Skin

Front 28

Microglia
Monocytes differentiates where?

Back 28

Brain

Front 29

-Leukocytes
2ct

Back 29

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

Front 30

What class/type of Dz
Demylanating
or
NeuroDegenerating =?

-Multiple sclerosis (autoimmune disease, oligodendrocytes)
-
-Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune disease, Schwann cells)
-
-Leukodystrophy: lysosomal storage disorder
-
-Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Back 30

Demyelinating diseases:

Front 31

Demyelinating Dz:
4ct

Back 31

-Multiple sclerosis (autoimmune disease, oligodendrocytes)
-
-Guillain-Barre syndrome (autoimmune disease, Schwann cells)
-
-Leukodystrophy: lysosomal storage disorder
-
-Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Front 32

What class/type of Dz
Demylanating
or
NeuroDegenerating =?

Alzheimer’s Disease, Plaques and tangles
Parkinson’s Disease, Substantia Nigra

Back 32

Neurodegeneration

Front 33

Neurodegeneration Dz
2ct

Back 33

Alzheimer’s Disease, Plaques and tangles
Parkinson’s Disease, Substantia Nigra

Front 34

craniospinal): Dorsal Root Ganglia
-Pseudo unipolar neurons, large neuron with satellite cells around it
-Myelinated
-Single neuron
-

Back 34

Sensory ganglia

Front 35

-sympathetic (catecholamines)

-parasympathetic (acetylcholine)

-Two neurons

-Neurons: multipolar

Back 35

Autonomic ganglia:

Front 36

Neural system Chemicals
CNS and PNS: MBP

Back 36

MBP

Front 37

Neural system Chemicals
PNS only:

Back 37

P0 and PMP22 (Schwann cell)

Front 38

Neural system Chemicals
CNS only:

Back 38

PLP (oligodendrocyte)

Front 39

velocity of conduction: measure for

Back 39

neuron performance

Front 40

(filled with CSF: hydraulic cushion layer)

Back 40

Arachnoid – sub-Arachnoid

Front 41

Brain structure
Cerebrum

Back 41

-Outer layer: Cortex (=gray matter): neurons (6 layers)
-Inner layer: White matter: axons, glia

Front 42

Brain structure
Cerebellum

Back 42

-Inner Molecular layer
-Central Purkinje cell layer
-Outer Granular layer

Front 43

Brain structure
Spinal Cord:

Back 43

-Inner layer: Gray matter
(contains neurons)
-Outer layer White matter

Front 44

Role of microtubules,

Back 44

-kinesins
-dyneins

Hint 44

(anterograde)

(retrograde)

Front 45

Structure of neuron
Functional Classification:

Back 45

Motor neuron
-Sensory neuron
-Interneuron

Hint 45

(efferent)

(afferent)

Front 46

Cell types
Peripheral:
3ct

Back 46

-Neurons
-Schwann cells
-Satellite cells

Front 47

Duchene muscular dystrophy

Back 47

(genetic disorder)

Front 48

Myasthenia gravis

Back 48

(auto-immune disorder)

Front 49

no sarcomere
-No T tubules
-No troponin

Back 49

Smooth muscle

Front 50

Intercalated disc
Focal adhesions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

Back 50

Cardiac

Front 51

Muscle spindle: Proprioception
Golgi tendon organ: Proprioception

Back 51

.

Front 52

Sarcomere structure

A-band:
I-band:
Z-line,
Z-to-Z

Back 52

A-band: myosin
I-band: actin

Z-line, sarcomere from Z-to-Z

Front 53

Contraction is

A-band
or
I-bands,


info only

Back 53

I-bands, not A-band

Front 54

Different types of fibers
-Type 1 =

Back 54

= Red = slow = oxidative
Small, work for long period, high myoglobin, many mitochondria,

Front 55

Different types of fibers
-Type 2 =

Back 55

White = fast = anaerobic
Large, work for short period , low myoglobin, less mitochondria,

Front 56

Epimysium: around muscle

Perimysium: around bundle of fibers

Endomysium: around individual fiber

I-O

Back 56

.

Front 57

Muscle
Most important characteristic:

Back 57

contraction

Front 58

Mechanisms to mobilize Ca2+

Back 58

Diffusion
Hormonal

Front 59

When calcium is low

Back 59

Parathyroid hormone secretion increases
acts through stimulating osteoclasts

Front 60

When calcium is high

Back 60

Calcitonin secretion increases

Front 61

Epiphyseal Growth Plate
5ct

Back 61

Zone 1: Reserve zone

Zone 2: Proliferatiion zone

Zone 3: Hypertrophy zone

Zone 4: Calcification zone

Zone 5: Remodeling zone

Front 62

Bone grows by:
circumferential growth:

Back 62

(width) by activity in periosteum

Front 63

Bone grows by:
longitudinal growth by activity in

Back 63

epiphyseal cartilage (growth plate)

Front 64

2 types of ossification

Back 64

-Intramembranous ossification:

-endochondrial ossification

Front 65

-endochondrial ossification

Back 65

ossification occurs through cartilage intermediate step

Front 66

-Intramembranous ossification

Back 66

Primitive mesenchymal cells transform directly into osteoblasts

Front 67

Primitive mesenchymal cells transform directly into osteoblasts

Back 67

-Intramembranous ossification

Front 68

ossification occurs through cartilage intermediate step

Back 68

-endochondrial ossification:

Front 69

lammelar but no Haversial system

Back 69

Mature spongy bone:

Front 70

T/F
Woven bone,
Non-lamellated

Back 70

T

Front 71

T/F

Mature bone (is not lamellar bone)

Back 71

F

it is lamellar

Front 72

this bone develops from condensed mesenchyme =

Back 72

Intramembranous bone

Front 73

Inner Medulla: spongy or cancellous lined with endosteum

I-O

Back 73

.

Front 74

Bone Dz
Campomelic dysplasia
Mutation is =

Back 74

SOX 9 mutations)

Front 75

Appositional growth
Source of cells is inner layer of =

Back 75

perichondrium

Front 76

Cells that produce the extracellular matrix:

Back 76

Chondroblast and Chondrocyte
Cartilage:

Front 77

Cells that produce the extracellular matrix: Chondroblast and Chondrocyte
Cartilage:
3ct description

Back 77

Multiadhesive Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Collagen (type 2)