Histology: Respiratory System

Front 1

How do the lungs develop from the embryo?

Back 1

ventral evagination of the foregut

Front 2

What origin is the respiratory epithelium?

Back 2

endodermal

Front 3

What are the bronchial cartilages, smooth muscle, and other connective tissues derived from?

Back 3

thoracic mesenchyme

Front 4

What represents the terminal part of the conducting passages in the lungs?

Back 4

bronchioles

Front 5

What constitutes the bronchial tree?

Back 5

internal bronchi and bronchioles

Front 6

What bronchioles can gas exchange occur in?

Back 6

respiratory bronchioles

Front 7

Where do blood vessels enter the lungs?

Back 7

with the bronchi

Front 8

What are the chambers of the nasal cavity?

Back 8

vestibule, respiratory segment, olfactory segment

Front 9

The vestibule of the nasal cavity communicates with external environment. What type of epithelium does it have?

Back 9

stratified sqaumous

Front 10

What are the thick hairs of the vestibule of the nasal cavity called?

Back 10

vibrissae

Front 11

What type of glands are found in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Back 11

sabaceous glands

Front 12

when the vestibule joins the respiratory segment what transition is seen?

Back 12

stratified squamous to pseudostratified

Front 13

In the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity what is the lamina propria attached to?

Back 13

the periosteum

Front 14

What are the 5 cell types of the respiratory segment in the nasal cavity:?

Back 14

1) ciliated cells - columnar cells
2) goblet cells
3) brush cells - have short blunt villi
4) small granule cells - resemble basal cells and contain secretory granules
5) basal cells - stem cells

Front 15

Why are the blood vessels in the near the surface in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity?

Back 15

to warm the air

Front 16

What types of glands does the respiratory epithelium have?

Back 16

mucus glands

Front 17

Where is the olfactory segment in the nasal cavity located?

Back 17

at the dome of each nasal cavity

Front 18

How is the olfactory mucosa distinguished from the other epithelium?

Back 18

it is yellowish brown

Front 19

What composes the olfactory mucosa?

Back 19

1) olfactory epithelium
2) olfactory glands

Front 20

How is the olfactory epithelium similar to respiratory epithelium? How are they different?

Back 20

1) both are pseudostratified
2) olfactory lacks goblet cells and has a different cells types

Front 21

What are the cell types of the olfactory epithelium?

Back 21

1) olfactory cells - bipolar neurons that span thickness of epithelium
2) sustentacular cells - columnar cells that provide support
3) basal cells - stem cells
4) brush cells - blunt villi

Front 22

What are the characteristics of the olfactory cells?

Back 22

project above other cells and have an olfactory vesicle with nonmotile cilia that radiate outward

Front 23

What are the proteins called that are on the cilia of olfactory cells?

Back 23

odorant-binding proteins

Front 24

What is the lifespan of olfactory cells?

Back 24

1 month

Front 25

What are the only neurons in the body to be readily replaced?

Back 25

olfactory cells

Front 26

How are supporting cells in the respiratory mucosa characterized?

Back 26

1) tallest cells
2) numerous microvilli and mitochondria near apical surface
3) lots of sER
4) LIPOFUSCIN GRANULES
5) function to provide metabolic support to olfactory cells
6) most abundant cell type

Front 27

What is the function of brush cells?

Back 27

they have blunt microvilli and at the basal end contact the trigeminal nerve to function in sensation

Front 28

What are the characteristics of basal cells in the nasal cavity?

Back 28

small round cells near basal lamina and contain few organelles. they are below the olfactory nuclei

Front 29

olfactory glands are also known as?

Back 29

bowmans glands

Front 30

How are Bowmans glands characterized? where is the gland in relation to the basal lamina?

Back 30

1) branched tubuloalveolar serous glands that secrete proteinaceous fluid. Cuboidal cells line the duct
2) below it and the duct goes through and above it

Front 31

What 2 cells of the olfactory mucosa contain lipfusion?

Back 31

olfactory gland cells and sustantacular cells

Front 32

What is the identifying feature of the olfactory region under the microscope?

Back 32

olfactory nerves with olfactory glands in lamina propria

Front 33

What type of epithelium lines the sinuses?

Back 33

respiratory epithelium

Front 34

The pharynx lies between what?

Back 34

nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and esophagous

Front 35

Where does the eustachian tube drain?

Back 35

nasopharynx

Front 36

What types of cartilage make up the larynx?

Back 36

hyaline and elastic

Front 37

What are the vocal folds also known as?

Back 37

vocal cords

Front 38

Where is the rima glottis?

Back 38

opening of larynx

Front 39

What is contained within each vocal fold?

Back 39

vocalis muscle and supporting ligament

Front 40

What muscles are responsible for generating tension in the vocal folds and for opening and closing the glottis?

Back 40

intrinsic laryngeal

Front 41

What muscles control the larnyx during deglutition?

Back 41

extrinsic laryngeal

Front 42

altering the vibrations of the vocal folds produces different what?

Back 42

pitch

Front 43

What is the elongated recess above the vocal folds called? What is immediately above this structure?

Back 43

1) ventricles
2) ventricular folds

Front 44

what is another name for ventricular folds?

Back 44

false vocal cords

Front 45

What is the function of the ventricle and the ventricular folds?

Back 45

create resonance

Front 46

What type of epithelium covers the vocal folds and most of the epiglottis?

Back 46

stratified squamous

Front 47

Besides the vocal folds what is the rest of the larynx lined with?

Back 47

pseudostratified columnar epi

Front 48

What are the 4 definable layers of the trachea?

Back 48

1) mucosa - ciliated pseudostratified epi, elastic rich lamina propria
2) Submucosa - denser elastic tissue
3) cartilagenous layer - C shaped hyaline cartilage
4) adventitia

Front 49

What closes the C of the cartilage rings of the trachea?

Back 49

fibroelastic tissue and the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

Front 50

What are the principal cell types of the trachea?

Back 50

ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells and basal cells, some brush cells and small granule cells

Front 51

what do mucus cells increase in the trachea?

Back 51

chronic irritation

Front 52

In chronic bronchitis and bronchietctasis what type of process occurs to the epithelium?

Back 52

metaplasia to SSE from chronic coughing and changed airway flow

Front 53

Why do smokers cough?

Back 53

they have impaired cilia and the cough becomes the means of removing mucus

Front 54

What is the brush border cell regarded as?

Back 54

receptor cell

Front 55

What is the function of the small granule cells found in the trachea? How can they be visualized?

Back 55

1) enteroendocrine cells
2) silver stain interacts with granules

Front 56

What is contained in the granules of the small granule cells?

Back 56

one kind has catecholamines
2nd kind has serotonin, calcitonin and gastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin)

Front 57

What is characteristic of the basal lamina in trachea? What happens to it when someone smokes chronically?

Back 57

it is very thick and gets thicker with smoking

Front 58

What is the lymph tissue of the trachea lamina propria called?

Back 58

bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue (BALT)

Front 59

In the trachea how is the mucosa separated from the submucosa?

Back 59

the boundary is defined by an elastic membrane

Front 60

How does the submucosa in the trachea differ from other areas?

Back 60

the submucosa is loose in the trachea

Front 61

Is it easy or difficult to distinguish the lamina propria from the submucosa in the trachea?

Back 61

difficult because both are loose and contain lymphatic tissue

Front 62

Are there glands in the submucosa of the trachea?

Back 62

yes the ducts are simple cuboidal

Front 63

Where does the submucosal layer end?

Back 63

where the connective tissue blends with the perichondrium

Front 64

Which bronchus is shorter? which is wider?

Back 64

right

Front 65

When do lobar bronchi begin?

Back 65

when the primary bronchi enter the hilum

Front 66

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung? Right?

Back 66

8

10

Front 67

How many tertiary bronchi are in the right lung?

Back 67

10 because there are 10 bronchopulmonary segments

Front 68

tertiary bronchi are known as?

Back 68

segmental bronchi

Front 69

At what point do the bronchial walls differ from that of the trachea?

Back 69

1) when they enter the lungs the cartilage becomes irregular plates and the bronchi are completely circular
2) there is also a complete circular muscle

Front 70

At what point does the cartilage in the bronchi stop?

Back 70

at the bronchiole

Front 71

How many layers does the bronchus have?

Back 71

1) mucosa - pseudostratified prominent basement membranes and lamina propria initially then fade away in secondary bronchi
2) Muscularis - continuous smooth muscle in larger bronchi
3) submucosa - loose CT with some adipose tissue
4) cartilage layer - discontinuous plates
5) adaventitia

Front 72

What are bronchopulmonary segments subdivided into? What is in it?

Back 72

pulmonary lobules have bronchioles

Front 73

What are pulmonary acini? What do they contain?

Back 73

1) small units that make a lobule
2) each acinus has a terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Front 74

What is the smallest functional unit of pulmonary structure? what does it contain?

Back 74

1) respiratory bronchiolar unit
2) contains single respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli it supplies

Front 75

When do the bronchioles stop branching?

Back 75

last branching bronchioles are the terminal bronchioles. respiratory bronchioles don't branch

Front 76

large bronchioles contain pseudostratified columnar epi that becomes what?

Back 76

simple ciliated columnar epi

Front 77

Are there goblet cells and subepithelial glands in the bronchioles?

Back 77

only goblet cells... no glands

Front 78

Are cartilage plates and smooth muscle present in bronchioles?

Back 78

sparse cartilage but a thick layer of muscle is present

Front 79

What type of epi do the smallest conducting brochioles have? what special cells are interspersed?

Back 79

simple cuboidal epi

Front 80

What are the smallest conducting bronchioles?

Back 80

terminal bronchioles

Front 81

How can clara cells be distinguished?

Back 81

nonciliated round domed apical surface with lot of basal rER, apical secratory granules

Front 82

What is the function of Clara cells?

Back 82

secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion of the bronchioles

Front 83

A bronchoalveolar lavage would be used to measure what marker indicating pulmonary damage? Would it be high or low?

Back 83

CC16 released from damaged clara cells increases in the serum but decreases in the alveolar wash

Front 84

What type of cells line respiratory bronchioles?

Back 84

cuboidal ciliated cells and clara cells in the proximal part and more clara cells in the distal part

Front 85

What composes alveolar ducts?

Back 85

They are nearly wall-less in that alveoli make their boundaries and there is some smooth muscle

Front 86

What are alveolar sacs composed of?

Back 86

they are spaces surrounded by alveoli that surrounding alveoli open into

Front 87

What is the tissue between adjacent alveolar air spaces called?

Back 87

alveolar septum

Front 88

Type I pneumocytes make up 95% of the alveoli. What are some of their features?

Back 88

thin simple squamous cells joined by occluding junctions. They are NOT capable of cell division

Front 89

What type of mutation causes CF? What causes viscid mucus?

Back 89

1) autosomal recessive
2) Cl- channel is defective so that absorptive cells cannot secrete Cl- which causes Cl- to be retained and increasing water reabsorption which dries out mucus

Front 90

What are septal cells?

Back 90

type II pneumocytes

Front 91

What shape are type II cells?

Back 91

cuboidal cells interspersed with flat type I cells

Front 92

Type II cells are as numerous as type I cells. True/false?

Back 92

true

Front 93

what cells do type II cells resemble?

Back 93

clara cells

Front 94

What is present in the apical bulging surface of the type cell?

Back 94

lamellar bodies filled with phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins

Front 95

What are the type I progenitor cells called?

Back 95

type II cellls

Front 96

What is an important marker of alveolar injury?

Back 96

hyperplasia of type II cells

Front 97

What is the function of surfactant?

Back 97

reduce the surface tension at the air-epi interface

Front 98

What is the most critical component of surfactant?

Back 98

dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)

Front 99

At what week does surfactant synthesis occur? what induces it?

Back 99

1) 35th week
2) stimulated by cortisol, insulin, prolactin and thyroxine

Front 100

What is the function of surfactant protein A?

Back 100

SP-A is the most abundant protein responsible for surfactant homeostatis and modulation of immune responses

Front 101

What is the function of surfactant protein B?

Back 101

SP-B is a surfactant organizing protein that causing adsorption and spreading of surfactant

Front 102

What is the minor surfactant produced?

Back 102

SP-C

Front 103

What is the function of surfactant protein D?

Back 103

host defense by binding microorganisms and lymphocytes. participates in local inflammatory response from acute lung injury

Front 104

What 2 surfactant proteins modulate allergic response?

Back 104

SP-A and D

Front 105

What comprises the thinnest blood-air barrier?

Back 105

1) surfactant
2) type I cell with basal lamina
3) capillary endothelial cell with basal lamina

Front 106

Where does lymph flow from the alveoli occur?

Back 106

thick portion of septum

Front 107

what are openings in the interalveolar septa called?

Back 107

alveolar pores of Kohn

Front 108

What blood supply goes to the capillaries of alveolar septum?

Back 108

pulmonary artery blood

Front 109

How many veins return to heart?

Back 109

4

Front 110

What blood supply goes everywhere except the alveoli?

Back 110

bronchial arteries

Front 111

Where do the bronchial and respiratory circulations anastomose?

Back 111

junction of conducting and respiratory passages

Front 112

What do bronchial veins drain?

Back 112

connective tissue of the hilar region of lungs

Front 113

How many sets of lymphatics are there that drain the lungs?

Back 113

two. one set drains parenchyma and follows air passages to hilum. second drains surface of lung and travels in CT of visceral pleura