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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Parts of the primitive gut tube |
foregut midgut hindgut |
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Stomadeum |
opening in front of the oral plate; ectoderm at the cranial end of the gut |
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By day 35 |
the connecting stalk and the yolk stalk fuse to form the umbilical cord |
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Foregut midgut and hind gut come from...
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endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm |
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Proctodeum (anal pit) |
ectoderm at the caudal end of the GI tract
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Sonic hedgehog |
secreted from ectoderm |
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HOX genes |
influence cephalic- caudal regions of the gut tube |
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Foregut derivative |
Pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, biliary system pancreas |
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esophagus development |
cephalic foregut is separated by tracheoesophageal septum.. creating the esophagus and trachea |
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stomach rotation and vagus nerve |
the left vagus nerve is left on the ventral surface of the stomach (anterior) the right vagus nerve is left on the dorsal surface of the stomach (posterior) |
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blood flow to the stomach
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provided by the cephalic artery |
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Foregut gives rise too... |
duodenum up to the bile duct |
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midgut gives rise to.. |
bile duct to the jejunum |
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Duodenum develops during.. |
5th and 6th week.. grows plugged, gets recanalized later |
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Liver develops during.. |
3rd week, liver bud is know as the hepatic diverticulum; kupffer cells are macrophages in the liver, macros come from monocytes, monocytes come from mesoderm bc its blood |
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Cystic duct |
connects the gall bladder and liver |
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Pancreas development.. |
originates as two pancreatic buds.. later fuse |
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FGF and activin |
repress SHH in endoderm so that pancreas can form |
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Cell differentiation in pancreas |
PAX4 and PAX6: induce Beta, delta and gamma cells PAX4 only: alpha cells |
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Midgut development |
midgut is in connection with the yolk sac (vitalize duct- called meckel's diverticulum if it persists) |
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Notch |
during crypt formation, it inhibits a cell from becoming the same as its neighboring cell |
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innervation of the gut tube |
Vagus nerves and lumbosacral neural crest cells innervate the hind gut |
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neural plexus |
SHH: keeps the neural crest cells proliferating; mesenchyme differentiation into muscle
GDNF: allows for migration of neural crest cells and differentiation of neural crest cells |
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Hindgut |
endoderm and ectoderm of the anal canal; cloaca is an expanded portion of the handgun (receives the allantois) |
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Cloaca |
rectum and anal canal dorsally urogential sinus ventrally (develops into bladder and urethra) by week 7 the urogenital membrane and the anal canal fuse |
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Hormonal signaling |
endocrine signaling: via circulatory system autocrine signaling: signal acts on the cell that made it exocrine: into a duct Paracrine: signal acts on a nearby cell |
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Steroid hormones |
act on the nucleus and regulates transcription in the nucleus; induces mRNA production |
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Glands of the endocrine system
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pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal |
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anterior pituitary |
pars distalis pars intermedia pars tuberalis |
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Posterior pituitary |
pars nervosa infundibular stalk |
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Location of pituitary |
sits in a fossa of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica; beneath the brain under the hypothalamus |
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Adenohypophysis/ neurohypophysis
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anterior and posterior pituitary respectively |
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infundibular stalk |
connects the CNS to the pars nervosa |
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Chromophils and chromophobes |
cells of the pars distalis chromophils are acido (red) and basophils (blu)-chromophils arranged in cords.. chromophobes are cells that have already expelled their hormone (nothing to stain aka degranulated) |
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Somatotrope |
acidophils; make growth hormone |
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lactotrope |
acidophil; prolactin |
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Corticotrope |
basophil; ACTH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, B-endorphin, B-lipotropic hormone |
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Gonadotrope |
basophilic; FSH and LH |
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thyrotrope |
basophil; thyrotropic hormone |
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GNRH
(Acts on acidophils) |
stimulates GH |
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Somatostatin (Acts on acidophils) |
inhibits GH |
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Dopamine (Acts on acidophils) |
inhibits prolactin |
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Thyrotropin releasing hormone & vasoactive inhibitory peptide (Acts on acidophils) |
Stimulates prolactin |
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Thyrotropes (basophils act on..) |
thyroid gland; synthesis and storage of thyroid hormones |
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Gonadotropes- FSH (basophils act on..) |
ovary- make estrogen testes- spermatogenesis at puberty |
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Gonadotropes: LH
(basophils act on..) |
Ovary: Follicle; corpus luteum development (leads to production of progesterone) Males: leydig cells to make testosterone |
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Nerves that regulate the hormone regulation |
supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei (acts on pars nervosa) dorsal medial, ventral medial, infundibular nuclei (act on pars distalis) |
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Hypothalamic nuclei |
Synthesize the releasing or release-inhibiting hormones that act on |
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hypothalamic hormones --> pars distalis |
hormones collect in the primary capillary network that comes off of the carotid artery, then they are emptied into the hyophyseal portal network and then breaks into a second capillary network in the pars distalis |
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Pars nervosa |
stores oxytocin and ADH IN GENERAL stores neuroendocrine secretions made by cells in the hypothalamus |
