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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main functions of the kidney? What important hormone does it secrete?
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1) Filtration of the blood
2) Removal of the metabolic wastes 3) Reabsorption of useful metabolites The kidney secretes renin which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure |
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Which animals have unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys?
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Dogs, Horses, Goat, and Sheep
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Which animals have multilobar (multipyramidal) kidneys?
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Bovine and Pig
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What is renal tubule made up of?
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Nephron and its collecting duct system
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What is a renal corpuscle made up of?
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Glomberulus and Glomerular Capsule (Bowmen's Capsule)
Also contains mesengial (intercapillary) cells |
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What are the three components of a glomerular capsule (Bowmen's Capsule)?
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1) Parietal (Capsular) Layer
2) Visceral (Glolmerular) Layer (podocytes) 3) Urinary Space |
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What is the indentation in the kidney in which blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter pass through called?
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The Hilus
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What are the two layers of the parenchyma of the kidney?
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The medulla and the cortex
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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
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The Nephron
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What does the nephron consist of?
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1) Renal Corpuscle (Glomerulus + Glomerular Capsule)
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 3) Proximal Straight Tubule 4) Thin Tubule: Descending and Ascending parts 5) Distal Straight Tubules 6) Distal Convoluted Tubules |
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What are the two components of the Collecting Duct System?
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1) Arched collecting duct (connecting tubules)
2) Collecting duct (straight collecting tubules) |
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What are the collecting ducts (straight collecting tubules) made up of?
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1) Cortical Collecting Duct
2) Medullary Collecting Duct 3) Papillary Duct |
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What is the part of the renal corpuscle where the arterioles (afferent or efferent) enter and leave?
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The Vascular Pole
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What is the part of the renal corpuscle where the proximal convoluted tubule begins?
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The Urinary Pole
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The glomerulus is composed of several loops of branching and anastomosing capillaries which connect the afferent and efferent arterioles. What are these capillaries lined with?
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They are lined by porous endothelial cells.
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In the glomerulus, the mesengial (intercapillary) cells are located between the capillaries. What is there purpose?
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These stellate cells synthesize the extracellular matrix which supports the capillary walls. (Similar to pericytes)
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What is the purpose of the glomerular basement membrane?
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Separates the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries from the mesengial cells
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What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule?
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Urinary Space
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What type of epithelium is the parietal (capsular) layer of the glomerular capsule?
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Simple squamous epithelium overlying a thick basal lamina?
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Which layer envelops the capillaries of the glomerulus and is made of octopus-like cells
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The Visceral (glomerular) layer of the glomerular capsule
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The basement membrane of the glomerular capsule separates what?
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Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and podocytes
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What are pedicles?
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Secondary processes of podocytes that embrace capillaries of the glomerulus
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What are filtration slits?
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Narrow space between pedicles of one cell interdigitating with pedicle of adjacent cell
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What are slit diaphragms?
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Filtration slits are bridged together by thin electron-dense layer called - slit diaphragms
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What are the three filtration barriers?
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1) Glomerular Endothelium ( has pores)
2) Glomerular Basement Membrane 3) Glomerular Epithelium (visceral layer of Bowmen's Capsule) |
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What type of cells are found in the proximal convoluted and straight tubules?
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Simple Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelium with apex which has microvilli that forms brush border
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What causes the basal striations in the proximal convoluted and straight tubules?
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Infolding of the membrane and alignment of mitochondria
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What is the difference between the proximal convoluted tubules and proximal straight tubules?
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They are similar except brush borders are less distinct in proximal straight tubules
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What do the thin tubules form?
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The thin descending and thin ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle
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What lines the thin tubules?
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Why are fewer profiles of the distal convoluted tubules seen in the cortex than proximal convoluted tubules?
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Because the DCT are shorter than PCT
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What type of cells are found in the DCT and Distal Straight Tubules?
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Do the DCT and Distal Straight Tubules have a brush border?
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No, they are lacking and lumens are larger than PCT
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What does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus consist of?
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1) Macula Densa
2) Juxtaglomerular Cells 3) Extraglomerular Mesengial Cells |
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Along its path, the distal tubule establishes contact with the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. What is this modified segment called?
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The Macula Densa and the cells become columnar and their nuclei are closely packed
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Describe the mechanism that allows the macula densa to regulate the rate of glomerular filtration
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The cells of the macula densa are sensistive to chloride ion content of the tubular fluid, producing molecular signals that promote the constriction of the glomerular afferent arteriole
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What are modified smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the afferent arteriole that are found adjacent to the macula densa?
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The Juxtaglomerular Cells
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What do Juxtaglomerular Cells secrete and what causes them to secrete it?
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They secrete renin and is stimulated by reduced blood pressure
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How does renin secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells affect the blood pressure?
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Renin acts on angiotensinogen (plasma protein) to form angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin convertiing enzyme in the lungs
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles and raises blood pressure |
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What connects the DCT to a collecting duct?
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Arched Collecting Duct
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What connects smaller and larger ducts respectively?
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Smaller ducts are connected by simple cuboidal epithelium and are not easily distinguished
Larger ducts are connected by simple columnar epithelium and are easily distinguished because of relatively straight lateral cell membrane |
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What is a major component of the urine-concentrating mechanism?
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Collecting Ducts
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What type of epithelium is in papillary ducts?
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Two layered and becomes transition toward the opening
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What is the pathway of the arteries beginning with the renal artery?
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Renal Artery --> Interlobar Arteries --> Arcuate Arteries --> Interlobar Arteries
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What is the pathway of the arterioles beginning with the afferent arteriole?
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Afferent Arteriole --> Glomerulus --> Efferent Arteriole --> Descending Vasa Recta --> Peritubular Capillary Network --> Ascending Vasa Recta (venules)
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What is the pathway of veins beginning with the interlobar vein?
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Renal Vein --> Arcuate Vein --> Interlobar Vein --> Renal Vein
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What are the three urinary passages?
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1) Calyces and Renal Pelvis
2) Ureter 3) Urinary Bladder |
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What type of tissue lines calyces and renal pelvis?
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Transitional Epithelium with underlying loose connective tissue layer
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What causes mucous in the equine urine and what type of pathology is this?
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In horses, mucous glands (simple branched tubuloalveolar glands) are present under the epithelium and responsible for mucous in the urine.
It is normal, not pathological! |
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What type of tissue is present in the mucosa of the ureter and what is absent?
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The mucosa is folded and bears transitional epithelium but lacks a lamina muscularis is absent
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What is special about the ureter in horses?
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Propia - submucosa contains tubuloavleolar mucous glands
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Describe the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder as it fills
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The transitional epithelium becomes more flattened
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Which animals have a lamina muscularis in their urinary bladder and which one doesn't?
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Present in: horses, ruminants, dogs, and pigs
Absent in: cats |
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What are the smooth muscles of the tunica muscularis in the urinary bladder called?
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They are called detrusor muscles which are composed of irregularly shaped interweaving bundles (not well layered)
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What is the capsule that encloses the testis?
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Tunica Albuginea - predominantly composed of collagen fibers, few elastic fibers and smooth muscles
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What is the capsule that covers the tunica albuginea and is intimately associated with it?
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Visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
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What layer of the tunica albuginea is formed by branches of the testicular arteries and veins?
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Vascular layer of the tunica albuginea (interior surface)
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What is the connective tissue trabeculae that extend from the tunica albuginea?
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Septuli Testis
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What is the purpose of the septuli testis?
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Divides the testicular parenchyma into a varying number of testicular lobules
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How many seminiferous tubules does each lobule of the testis contain?
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1-4 seminiferous tubules
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The septuli testis is continuous with the ____________ ____________. What is it?
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Rete Testis
A connective tissue area containing the rete testis and blood vessels |
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What are the three components of seminiferous tubules?
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1) Lamina Propia
2) Sustentacular or sertoli cell 3) Spermatogenic cells |
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What surrounds the seminiferous tubules?
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Lamina Propria
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What are peritubular cells?
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Cells that surround the innermost layer of the basal lamina of collagen and elastic fiber in the lamina propria
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What is the purpose of peritubular cells?
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Responsible for tubular contraction
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What is the purpose of sertoli (sustentacular) cells?
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1) Adjacent sertloi cells are joined by tight junctions and form the blood-testis barrier
2) secretion of intratubular fluid which is used for sperm transport 3) produce mullerian inhibitory hormone 4) phagocytosis of degenerating spermatogenic cells and detached residual body of spermatids 5) Nutritive, protective and supportive functions for spermatogenic cells |
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Where are the spermatogenic cells located?
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Between and above the sustentacular cells
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Spermatids undergo ______ and form _______
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Spermiogenesis and form spermatozoa
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What type of cell appears during puberty in the males?
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Leydig cells
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What is the purpose of leydig cells?
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Steroid secreting cells that produce testosteron which is responsible for development of secondary male sex characteristics
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What are tubuli recti and what type of tissue are found in them?
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Connect the convoluted tubules to the rete testis, they are lined by simple squamous to simple columnar epithelium
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What is a highly anastomotic network of channels, surrounded by the loos connective tissue of the mediastinum testis called?
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Rete Testis
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What connects the rete testis to the ductus epididymis?
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Ductuli Efferentes
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What surrounds the epididymis?
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Tunica Albuginea
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What type of cells line the ductus epididymis?
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Pseudostratified Epithelium
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What are the cillia in the ductus epididymis called
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Stereocillia
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What is the purpose of the epididymis?
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Maturation (head and body) and storage (tail) of the spermatozoa
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Describe the mucosa of the ductus deferens
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Mucosa is folded and lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium which becomes simple columnar towards the end of the duct
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The terminal part of the ductus deferens is ampullated except in what animals?
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Cats and pigs
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Vesicular glands are absent in which animals?
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Carnivores (dogs and cats)
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Prostate Gland is absent in which animal
Prostate Body and Pars Disseminata |
Prostate Body or compact portion (absent in small runimants)
Pars Disseminata (absent in horses) |
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Bulbourethral Gland is absent in which animal?
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Absent in dogs
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Where are the body and pars disseminata located in the pelvic urethra?
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Body - surrounds the pelvic urethra
Pars Disseminata - lcoated in the propria-submucosa of the pelvic urethra |
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What is the urethra in males divided into?
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pelvic urethra and penile urethra
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What does the penis consist of?
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Corpora Cavernosa
Corpora Spongiosum Glans Penis |
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The glans penis is well developed in which animals?
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Horses and dogs, it contains erectile tissue and is highly vascularized areolar tissue
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What does the ovary produce?
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Ova and Ovarian hormones (progesterone and estrogen)
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What type of epithelium is found in the ovary?
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low cuboidal epithelial surface derived from visceral peritoneum
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Where is the tunica albuginea in the ovary?
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Lies immediately below the surface epithelium
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What is special about a mare's ovary?
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The outer cortex and inner medulla are reversed
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What does the cortex of the ovary contain?
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Numerous follicles and corpora lutea (in various stages of development) embedded in loose connective tissue
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What is the medulla of the ovary characterized by?
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Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, embedded in loose connective tissue
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What are primordial follicles composed of?
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A primary oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium of follicular cells
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What are primary follicles composed of?
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A primary oocyte surrounded by a simple cuboidal epithelium of follicular cells
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What are secondary follicles composed of?
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A primary oocyte surrounded by a stratified epithelium of polyhedral follicular cell
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What are the polyhedral cells found in secondary follicles called?
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Granulosa cells
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What do the granulosa cells in the secondary follicles secrete?
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They secrete zona pellucida around the plasma membrane of primary oocytes
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What are the vascularized multilayer of spindle-shaped stromal cell that form around granulosa cells in secondary follicles called?
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Theca Cells
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What are mature follicles characterized by?
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Characterized by the development of small fluid filled clefts among the granulosa cells which join to form a large cavity called the antrum
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Where is liquor folliculi located?
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In the antrum of mature follicles
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What is the group of cells that the oocyte lies in as the antrum enlarges from the accumulation of liquor folliculi?
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Group of granulosa cells called cumulus oophorus
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What are the granulosa cells that immediately surround the ooycyte after the antrum enlarges?
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Corona Radiata
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What are the two layers the the theca differentiates into in mature follicles?
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1) Inner vascular theca interna
2) Outer supportive theca externa |
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What is characteristic of the theca interna?
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steroid secreting cells which are abundant in sER, mitochondria, and numerous lipid droplets
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What does the theca externa consist of?
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A thin layer of loose connective tissue with fibrocytes arranged concentrically
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What does ovulation refer to?
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The rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte
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What factors causes ovulation?
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1) Luteinizing hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
2) Increased pressure of antral fluid |
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What happens to the follicles that dont terminate in ovulation?
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They undergo follicular atresia (degeneration). These atretic follicles are reabsorbed except for a small fibrous tissue scar, the corpus atreticum
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What is the corpus atreticum?
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When the follcles don't terminate in ovulation and degenerate. the degenerated follicles (atretic) follicles are reabsorbed and form a small fibrous scar called the corpus atreticum
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Where do the interstitial endocrine cells arise from in the ovaries of the bitch and queen?
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Interstitial endocrine cells arise from epitheloid theca interna cells or from hypertrophied granulosa cells of the atretic follicles
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What is the ruptured follicle called after ovulation and why?
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Corpus hemorrhagicum because of the blood in the antrum
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What do the granulosa cells and theca cells proliferate and trans form into the corpus luteum?
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Granulosa Cells - Large Luteal Cells
Theca Cells - Small Luteal Cells |
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What is the process by the granulosa and theca cells are converted into luteal cells?
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Luteinization
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What is luteinization of the granulosa and theca cells due to?
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Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of both cell types
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What animal has a yellow pigment (lutein) that accumulates in luteal cells?
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Present in: Cows, Mares, Carnivores
Absent in: Ewe, Goats, and Sow |
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What is characteristic of large luteal cells?
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Polygonal and have steroid synthesizing cells abundant in sER and mitochondria
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What is characteristic of small luteal cells?
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Have more lipids and less steroid synthesizing hormones
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What does both large and small luteal cells secrete?
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Progesterone
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What is the corpus albicans?
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If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by connective tissue called Corpus Albicans
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
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It is persistant and active for a variable amount of time
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What species is the accessory corpus luteum present in?
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Mare
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What is the rete ovarii and what animal is it prominent in?
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They are embryonic remants homologous to rete testis and present in the medulla of the ovaries.
They are prominent in carnivores and ruminants |
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What is the uterine tube subdivided into?
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Infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
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What does the uterus consist of?
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bilateral horns, an unpaired body, and a neck (cervix)
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What are the three layers of the uterus?
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1) Endometrium (mucosa-submucosa)
2) Myometrium (muscularis) 3) Perimetrium (serosa) |
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What is the endometrium lined with?
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Simple columnar epithelium.
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What animal may have patches of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in their endometrium?
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Cow and sow
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Most species have simple or branched coiled tubular glands throughout their endometrium except which one?
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Caruncles of ruminants, these glands secrete mucus, lipds, glycogen, and protein
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What are caruncles and what species are they found in?
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Nonglandular circumscribed thickenins of endometrium
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What species has endometrial cups present in early pregnancy due to densely packed uterine glands?
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Mare
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What does the myometrium consist of?
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a thick circular inner layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscles with a stratum vasculare between the two
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What does the perimetrium consist of?
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loose connective tissue, rich in nerve fibers, blood, and lymph and is covered by peritoneal mesothelium
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What type of epithelium does the cervix have?
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Simple columnar with many mucigenous cells (including goblet cells) which secrete mucus during estrus
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What does mucus thickening during pregnancy form in the cervix?
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Cervical seal
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What is the mucosa of the vagina lined with?
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Stratified squamous epithelium which increases in thickness during estrus
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What species has isolated foci of goblet cells presnt in the cranial portion of their vagine?
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Cows
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Where are the lymphatic nodules located in the vagina?
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the propria-submucosa
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What species has an additional thin layer of longitudinal muscle inside the circular layer of their vagina?
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Sows and bitches
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What species has an erectile corpus cavernosum (bulbus vestibuli) present beneath vestibular mucosa?
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Mares and Bitches
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Which female structure is homologous to the male penis?
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The clitoris
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What is the period of follicular growth in which their is endometrial proliferation and increased vascularization?
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Proestrus
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What is the peroid in which ovulation occurs and endometrial proliferation and edema are apparent?
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Estrus
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What is the period in the of the corpus luteum develops and there is hyperplasia of the endometrial glands?
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Metestrus
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What is the period in which the phase of active corpus luteum under influence of progesterone. And corpus luteum regresses if no pregnancy
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Diestrus
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