Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The mucosa part of the lips is lined by KERATINIZED stratified squamous epithelium in which species?
|
KERATINIZED: Ruminants and Horses
NON-KER: Carnivores and Pigs |
|
|
Labial glands (glands in the lips) are located which layer?
|
Propria-submucosa
|
|
|
Cheeks are composed of what 3 parts?
|
1. Outer skin
2. Middle muscular layer (Buccinator muscle) 3. Internal mucosa |
|
|
In ruminants, the cheek's mucosa is studded with what?
|
Conical buccal papillae (@ inner side of cheek)
|
|
|
Buccal glands are located in which layer?
|
Propria-submucosa
(same as labial glands - lips) |
|
|
Numerous transverse ridges called RUGAE are located where?
|
Mucosa of the HARD PALATE
|
|
|
Where are palatine glands located?
|
Mainly @ caudal part of the hard palate
|
|
|
Which which species does its dental pad consist of a HEAVILY keratinized str. squamous epithelium?
|
Ruminants (no incisors; only dental pad)
|
|
|
The palatine tonsils are present in which 2 species?
|
Pigs and Horses
|
|
|
The tongue is keratinized on which surface?
|
Keratinized on dorsal surface;
non-keratinized on ventral surface |
|
|
The tongue is a muscular organ. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
The intrinsic lingual muscles (tongue) are bundles of what type of muscle?
|
Skeletal
|
|
|
The lingual glands are located?
|
Scattered between the lingual muscle fibres
|
|
|
3 types of lingual papillae for mechanical function?
|
1. Filiform
2. Conical 3. Lenticular FOR movement of ingesta (mechanical) |
|
|
3 types of gustatory lingual papillae?
|
Fungiform
Vallate Foliate |
|
|
2 lingual papillae found in ALL domestic animals?
|
Filiform papillae (mechanical)
Fungiform papillae (gustatory) |
|
|
All of the 3 mechanical lingual papillae are keratinized str. squam epith. except for?
|
Conical lingual papillae are not highly keratinized
|
|
|
Which mechanical lingual papillae is found ONLY in ruminants?
|
Lenticular papillae
|
|
|
Which gustatory lingual papillae is ABSENT in ruminants?
|
Foliate papillae
|
|
|
Where is conical lingual papillae found in ruminants?
|
Torus linguae of ruminants
|
|
|
Conical lingual papillae is absent in?
|
Horses
|
|
|
All of the 3 gustatory lingual papillae are keratinized. T or F?
|
False. Non-keratinized stratified squam. epithelium
|
|
|
The 2 'large' lingual papillae?
|
Conical lingual
Vallate |
|
|
Which lingual papillae is surrounded by an epithelium lined SULCUS?
|
Vallate papillae
|
|
|
Foliate papillae are absent in which species?
|
Ruminants
|
|
|
A taste bud consists of?
|
A cluster of spindle-shaped epithelial cells that extend from basement memb to taste pore at epithelial surface
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of cells in a taste bud?
|
1. Sustentacular
2. Gustatory (taste receptor) 3. Basal |
|
|
Taste receptors (associated w/ gustatory cells) are afferent or efferent nerve fibres?
|
Non-myelinated afferent nerve fibres
|
|
|
Lyssa (special lingual str) is found in which species?
|
Carnivores!
|
|
|
Torus lingue (special lingual str) is found in which species?
|
Ruminants (caudodorsal surface of tongue)
|
|
|
Dorsal lingual cartilage (special lingual str) is found in which species?
|
Horses!
|
|
|
What kind of cartilage is the dorsal lingual cartilage?
|
Hyaline cartilage @ mid-dorsal
|
|
|
Tooth consists of what 4 things?
|
1. Enamel
2. Dentine 3. Cementum 4. Pulp Cavity (central part) |
|
|
Nerves, blood vessels, and CT are found in which part of the teeth?
|
Pulp cavity
|
|
|
Which teeth structure is the hardest substance in body?
|
Enamel (99% inorganic mineral)
|
|
|
Enamel is produced by?
|
Ameloblasts
|
|
|
Dentine is produced by?
|
Odontoblast
|
|
|
Dentine is harder than Enamel. T or F?
|
False.
Dentine is 70% inorganic mineral |
|
|
Which teeth structure resembles a bone-like composition the most?
|
Cementum (60% inorganic mineral)
|
|
|
Peridontal ligament is what and is formed by?
|
Peridontal ligament fixes tooth in place (anchors tooth to cementum). Formed by Sharpey's fibres.
|
|
|
Cementocytes are found in?
|
Lacunae of the cementum
|
|
|
2 types of teeth?
|
Brachydont
Hypsodont |
|
|
Which type of teeth continues to grow throughout life?
|
Hypsodont
|
|
|
Which species have brachydont teeth?
|
ALL teeth of carnivors
Incisors of ruminants |
|
|
In brachydont teeth, dentine is beneath both enamel and cementum. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Hypsodont teeth have NO crown or neck. Both cementum and enamel cover only the top part. T or F.
|
False. Hypsodont teeth do not have crown or neck, and both cementum and enamel cover throughout the length of the teeth.
|
|
|
Examples of hypsodont teeth?
|
Cheek teeth of ruminants
ALL permanent teeth of horses Canine teeth of pigs |
|
|
Which teeth have a crown, neck, and root?
|
Brachydont
|
|
|
Which teeth do not have a crown and neck?
|
Hypsodont
|
|
|
4 Major salivary glands?
|
Parotid
Mandibular Sublingual Zygomatic |
|
|
Parotid salivary gland is primarily composed of mucous or serous acini?
|
SEROUS
|
|
|
Structure of parotid salivary gland?
|
Compound acinar gland
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the INTRAlobular duct of the parotid salivary gland?
|
Intercalated duct
Striated duct |
|
|
Intercalated duct of parotid salivary gland is lined by?
|
Simple cuboidal
|
|
|
Striated duct of parotid salivary gland is lined by?
|
Simple columnar
|
|
|
Striations of the striated duct of parotid salivary gland is due to?
|
Perpendicularly oriented mitochondria
|
|
|
INTERlobular duct of parotid salivary gland is lined by?
|
Simple columnar --> becomes Stratified columnar as the duct gets larger
|
|
|
Mandibular salivary gland consists of mostly which type of acini?
|
SEROMUCOUS (mucous acini and serous demilune)
|
|
|
Mandibular and sublingual salivary glands both have which structure?
|
Compound tubuloacinar
|
|
|
In cattle, sheep, and pigs, sublingual salivary gland is almost entirely of which acini?
|
MUCOUS (FEW serous demilune)
|
|
|
Sublingual salivary gland is mostly what type of acini?
|
SEROMUCOUS (like mandibular)
|
|
|
Which duct is not found in the duct system of sublingual salivary gland in cats and dogs?
|
INTRAlobular ducts (intercalated + striated ducts)
|
|
|
The main duct of sublingual salivary gland is lined by?
|
STRATIFIED cuboidal
|
|
|
Zygomatic salivary gland is found in which species?
|
CARNIVORES ONLY
|
|
|
Zygomatic salivary gland is predominantly composed of which acini?
|
MUCOUS with small flattened serous demilune.
|
|
|
INTRAlobular ducts are found in zygomatic salivary gland. T or F.
|
False.
Intercalated and striated ducts are almost non-existent |
|
|
Molar salivary gland is found in which species?
|
CATS
|
|
|
Molar salivary gland opens into what?
|
Opens into oral vestibule opposite to molar teeth.
|
|
|
What are the 4 general layers of any tubular organ?
|
1. Tunica mucosa
2. Tunica submucosa 3. Tunica muscularis 4. Tunica serosa/adventitia |
|
|
Tunical mucosa of a tubular organ is composed of what 3 things?
|
1. Epithelium (closest to lumen)
2. Lamina propria 3. Lamina muscularis |
|
|
What does propria-submucosa mean?
|
When lamina muscularis is absent, lamina propria continues to tunica submucosa, and is consequently called Propria-submucosa
|
|
|
Submucosal plexus is also called?
|
Meissner's plexus
|
|
|
Myenteric plexus in tunica muscularis is also called?
|
Auribach's plexus
|
|
|
Esophagus: its epithelium is least/highly keratinized in which species?
|
Non-keratinized: DOG
HIGHLY keratinized: RUMINANTS "cows are dumb and eat hard grass thus keratinized esoph" "dogs are smart and chew a lot thus non-keratinized esoph." |
|
|
Lamina propria of esophagus contains which fibres?
|
dense network of fine collagen fibres w/ evenly distributed elastic fibres
|
|
|
In horses, cats, and ruminants, seromucous glands are found where in the esophagus?
|
In tunica submucosa @ the pharyngoesophageal junction
|
|
|
In pigs, seromucous glands are found where in the esophagus?
|
Tunica submucosa - in the cranial half
|
|
|
Tunica muscularis of esophagus is entirely striated in which species?
|
Ruminants and dogs (100% striation)
Horses (cranial 2/3 striated) Cats (4/5 striated) |
|
|
Tunica adventitia of esophagus is found in which region and tunica serosa is where?
|
Tunica adventitia: cervical region
Tunica serosa: thoracic and abdominal regions |
|
|
Nonglandular region of stomach is absent in which species?
|
Absent in carnivores (glandular stomach only)
Small in pigs |
|
|
In horses, the non-glandular region is separated from the glandular region by what?
|
Margoplicatus
|
|
|
In ruminants, which part of the stomach is most developed?
|
Non-glandular region most developed (rumen)
|
|
|
Non-glandular region of stomach is lined by?
|
Stratified squamous (MAY be keratinized)
|
|
|
Rumen is lined by?
|
Keratinized stratified squamous
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis is absent in which non-glandular stomach?
|
Absent in rumen and reticulum (thus propria-submucosa present)
|
|
|
Rumen's mucosa is characterized by?
|
Small tongue-shaped papillae
|
|
|
Reticulum's mucossa is characterized by?
|
Reticular folds
Mucosa b/w the folds is covered by conical papillae projecting into lumen |
|
|
All non-glandular regions of the stomach are lined by?
|
KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
|
|
|
Mucosa of omasum is characterized by?
|
Omasal laminae (leaves), studded w/ macroscopic papillae that help in grinding of food
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis is present in which non-glandular stomach?
|
Omasum (thick layer)
|
|
|
Innermost layer of tunica muscularis of omasum is continued into what structure?
|
Continued into omasal laminae (in omasal mucosa)
|
|
|
3 glandular regions of the stomach?
|
Cardiac gland
Fundic gland Pyloric gland |
|
|
Gastric pits are continuous with what structure?
|
Gastric glands
|
|
|
Glandular stomach is lined by?
|
Simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
Gastric glands are found where?
|
Lamina propria
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis is absent in glandular stomach?
|
False. They are present and thick!
|
|
|
Cardiac gland region is MOST developed in which species?
|
PIGS
|
|
|
Characteristics of cardiac gland?
|
SHALLOW gastric pit
SHORT simple branched coiled tubular gastric gland |
|
|
Cardiac gland produces?
|
Only mucous secretory product (1 type of cell)
|
|
|
Characteristics of fundic gland?
|
Deep gastric pit
Long, straight, branched tubular gastric glands that extend all the way into lamina muscularis |
|
|
Fundic gland is comprised of what 4 cells?
|
Mucus neck cells (@ junction of pit and gland)
Chief cells Parietal cells Endocrine cells |
|
|
Where are mucous neck cells found in fundic gland region?
|
At the neck of the gland
|
|
|
Chief cells (aka zymogen cells) of fundic gland region produce?
|
PEPSINOGEN
|
|
|
Pepsinogen is converted into Pepsin via?
|
HCl
|
|
|
Most numerous cells in the fundic gland region are?
|
Chief cells
|
|
|
What cell in the fundic gland region is the largest and appear singly?
|
Parietal cells
|
|
|
Parietal cells help form?
|
HCl
|
|
|
Endocrine cells of the fundic region produce?
|
GIT hormones
(e.g. gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide) |
|
|
Endocrine cells of fundic gland region also called?
|
Argentaffin cells
|
|
|
GIT Hormones are released into?
|
Capillaries
|
|
|
Characteristics of pyloric gland region?
|
SHORTEST gastric gland (branched, coiled tubular)
LONGEST/DEEPEST gastric pit |
|
|
What forms the pyloric sphincter?
|
Middle circular layer of the tunica muscularis of pyloric gland region
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis is present in the glandular region of the stomach. T or F?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
How many layers in the tunica muscularis in the glandular part of stomach?
|
3!
inner oblique middle circular outer longitudinal |
|
|
Most numerous cells in the fundic gland region are?
|
Chief cells
|
|
|
What cell in the fundic gland region is the largest and appear singly?
|
Parietal cells
|
|
|
Parietal cells help form?
|
HCl
|
|
|
Endocrine cells of the fundic region produce?
|
GIT hormones
(e.g. gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide) |
|
|
Endocrine cells of fundic gland region also called?
|
Argentaffin cells
|
|
|
GIT Hormones are released into?
|
Capillaries
|
|
|
Characteristics of pyloric gland region?
|
SHORTEST gastric gland (branched, coiled tubular)
LONGEST/DEEPEST gastric pit |
|
|
What forms the pyloric sphincter?
|
Middle circular layer of the tunica muscularis of pyloric gland region
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis is present in the glandular region of the stomach. T or F?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
How many layers in the tunica muscularis in the glandular part of stomach?
|
3!
inner oblique middle circular outer longitudinal |
|
|
What are the finger-like projections on the surface of mucosa of small intestine?
|
Intestinal VILLI
|
|
|
What further increases the absorptive surface of small intestine on surface of simple columnar cells?
|
MICROVILLI
|
|
|
Tell me about the goblet cells in the small intestine.
|
# of goblet cells decrease at the tip of villi;
but density of goblet cells is greater as you go caudal (i.e. ileum) |
|
|
Digestive enzymes are synthesized in the sm. intestine. T or F.
|
True (in T. mucosa)
|
|
|
Where are crypts of lieberkuhn?
|
At the base of the villi (simple branched tubular invaginations)
|
|
|
Crypts of lieberkuhn are also called?
|
Intestinal glands
|
|
|
Near the base of the intestinal gland, what cells are present in ruminants and horses?
|
PANETH CELLS
|
|
|
What do paneth cells produce?
|
Peptidase
Lysozyme |
|
|
Are hormones produced in the small intestine?
|
Yes. Enteroendocrine (ARGENTAFFIN) cells are present in the intestinal gland/crypts of lieberkuhn
|
|
|
Lymphatic nodules are present throughout the small intestine, in what layer?
|
Lamina propria; and # of nodules increase toward ILEUM
|
|
|
What is the lacteal?
|
A single lymphatic capillary in the lamina propria of small intestine.
|
|
|
Lamina muscularis of small intestine is thin and incomplete except in which species?
|
DOGS (thick and complete)
|
|
|
Brunner's gland is located in what layer and which part?
|
Located in tunica submucosa of small intestine, mainly in DUODENUM
|
|
|
Peyer's patches are found in what layer and which part?
|
Peyer's paches are found in the submucosa of ILEUM
|
|
|
Tunica muscularis of small intestine is the thickest in which species?
|
Horses
|
|
|
Large intestine is the site for what?
|
Microbial action on the ingesta, absorption and secretion of mucous
|
|
|
There are more goblet cells in the large intestine than small. T or F.
|
True.
|
|
|
Large intestine is devoid of villi. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
Large intestine contains Paneth cells. T or F?
|
False. No paneth cells in large intestine
|
|
|
More lymphatic nodules in the large intestine than small. T or F?
|
True. located in t. submucosa
|
|
|
What part of the large intestine has a substantial # of lymphatic nodules??
|
CECUM
|
|
|
What are the numerous elastic fibres called that form flat muscle bands in outer layer of tunica muscularis of large intestine in PIGS and HORSES?
|
Taenia
|
|
|
In rectum, there is an increased or decreased number of goblet cells?
|
INCREASE
|
|
|
Columnar and intermediate zones of the anal canal are lined by?
|
NON-KER. STR. SQUAM
|
|
|
3 zones of the anal canal?
|
1. Columnar
2. Intermediate 3. Cutaneous |
|
|
Cutaneous zone of the anal canal is lined by?
|
KER STR. SQUAM
|
|
|
What are anal sacs in carnivores?
|
Bilateral evaginations of anal mucosa w/ modified sweat glands
|
|
|
Liver has how many lobes?
|
6
|
|
|
What is the largest gland in the body?
|
LIVER
|
|
|
Liver is involved in hemopoiesis. T or F?
|
True. In fetal life.
|
|
|
Liver is covered by what capsule?
|
Glisson's capsule
|
|
|
Portal area of liver is composed of?
|
Hepatic a
Portal v Bile duct Lymphatics |
|
|
Anatomical unit of liver?
|
Classic lobules
|
|
|
Classic lobules consist of?
|
Laminae of hepatocytes radiating from central vein
|
|
|
Portal area of liver is present between?
|
Between 3 adjacent classic lobules
|
|
|
Functional unit in relation to bile secretion?
|
Portal lobules
|
|
|
Portal lobules are composed of?
|
Portal area in centre
3 central veins of classic lobules |
|
|
Functional unit in relation to metabolic activity?
|
Liver acinus
|
|
|
Liver acinus is formed by?
|
2 classic lobules w/ 2 central veins
|
|
|
3 surfaces of hepatocytes?
|
microvillus surface facing perisinusoidal space
canalicular surface bordering bile canaliculi contact surface b/w adjacent hepatocytes |
|
|
Adjacent hepatocytes are joined by?
|
Gap junctions and desmosomes
|
|
|
Hepatocytes adjacent to bile canaliculi are joined by?
|
Tight junction to prevent bile from escaping
|
|
|
Hepatocytes contain (organelles)?
|
MITO
LYSO RIBO rER sER Golgi |
|
|
Bile flow?
|
Bile canaliculi --> bile ductules --> INTERlobular bile duct --> Hepatic duct --> Bile duct
|
|
|
Bile ductules and interlobular bile ducts (small) are lined by?
|
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
|
|
|
Hepatic ducts and bile duct (larger interlobular bile duct) are lined by?
|
SIMPLE COLUMNAR
|
|
|
What are the 2 vessels that carry blood to the liver?
|
Portal v (blood from intestine)
Hepatic a (oxy blood) |
|
|
From portal v and hepatic a, Blood goes to where in liver?
|
Central vein
|
|
|
Sinusoids in liver are lined by?
|
Endothelial cells
Kupffer cells (stellate macrophage) |
|
|
What allows a direct exchange of substances between blood and hepatocytes?
|
Perisinusoidal space
|
|
|
Blood from sinusoids enters central vein then drains into?
|
Hepatic v --> caudal vena cava
|
|
|
Which species do not have a gall bladder?
|
HORSES
RATS DEER PIGEONS |
|
|
Gall bladder is lined by?
|
Simple columnar
|
|
|
Goblet cells of gall bladder present only in what species?
|
CATTLE
|
|
|
Structure of exocrine pancreas?
|
Compound tubuloalveolar gland
|
|
|
Exocrine pancreas is similar to parotid salivary gland EXCEPT:
|
1. presence of centroacinar cells in lumen (produce bicarbonate)
2. INTRAlobular ducts are NOT striated |
