Histology Quiz 2 9/14

Front 1

First week:

Back 1

fertilization and implantation

Front 2

Second to eight weeks

Back 2

morphogenesis maturation differentiation induction

Front 3

Blastocyst

Back 3

forms during the first week

Front 4

Bilaminar disc & gastrulation

Back 4

disc forms in second week; Gastrulation starts in third week

Front 5

Trilaminar disc

Back 5

lateral body folding, head and tail folding; exists during the third week

Front 6

LMP

Back 6

clinical terminology for timeline; fertilization occurs on day 15 of menstrual cycle or day 1 of gestation

Front 7

When nuclei of egg and sperm unite:

Back 7

DNA is replicated; nuclear membranes dissolve

Series of divisions = stem cells, 8 cell stage --> morula by day three

Front 8

Morula

Back 8

formed on Day 3; compaction - the process where the outer cells develop tight junctions and form a seal that separates the inner cells from the outside world

Formation of sodium potassium pumps moves fluid into the center of the morula. Blastocoele is formed

Front 9

Blastocyst

Back 9

Day 5; or 19 days LMP; trophoblast cells and inner mass cells form; inner mass cells will go on to form the embryo; as it enlarges it moves down to the uterus because it's too large for zone pellucida

Front 10

Week 2: early development

Back 10

Amniotic sac is formed; bilaminar disc is formed; the cavity becomes called the primary yolk sac; layer of cells surrounding the yolk sac is the exocoelomic membrane

Bilaminar disc made up of epiblast layer and hypoblast layer (slide 19)

lacunae appear in extra embryonic mesoderm; lacunae connect to form the extra embryonic coulomb (which becomes chorionic cavity) and the connecting stalk is formed (attached to placenta)

Front 11

Around day 10:

Back 11

the cytotrophoblast and the exocoelomic membrane expands and it becomes the extra embryonic mesoderm (slide 22)

Front 12

Week 3:

Back 12

Bilaminar disc becomes the trilaminar disc;

Front 13

Gastrulation

Back 13

epiblast gives rise to ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm (trilaminar disc)

Front 14

Paraxial mesoderm

Back 14

will become somites

Front 15

Intermediate mesoderm

Back 15

gives rise to much of the urogenital system

Front 16

Lateral plate mesoderm

Back 16

will become lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm and lateral plate somatic mesoderm

Front 17

Neurulation

Back 17

begins with notochord cells migrating around the primitive node; formation of oral plate and neural tube

Front 18

Lateral body folding

Back 18

endoderm forms the gut tube; lateral plate splits into somatic and splanchnic mesoderm - body cavity forms in between the two

Front 19

Head and Tail Folding

Back 19

Cephalic end of the embryo grows the fastest and the brain moves into a cephalic position and the oral plate moves ventrally and caudally; foregut and hindgut are formed

Front 20

Blood islands

Back 20

form in the lateral mesoderm and continue into the oral plate

contains angiogenic cell clusters that will become cells that form the endothelium of blood vessels, heart tube, blood cells

Front 21

Paraxial mesoderm gives rise to somite which gives rise to...

Back 21

Dermatome: CT of the skin

Myotome: skeletal muscle cells

Sclerotome: gives rise to cartilage and bones of ribs and vertebrae

Front 22

key players in Mitochondrial targeting (protein trafficking)...

Back 22

Proteins synthesized on non-membrane bound ribosomes; amphiphilic Alpha Helix (for import into the matrix); recognition by TOM and TIM which leads to active transport of protein into matrix

amphiphilic: a compound having both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties

Front 23

TIM23 Complex

Back 23

imports the tagged protein into the mitochondrial matrix; signal peptide gets cleaved off by signal peptidase

Front 24

Mitochondrial Import Machine: TOM

Back 24

Translocase of the outer membrane

Front 25

Mitochondrial Import Machine: TIM

Back 25

Translocate of inner membrane (TIM 23 and TIM22)

Front 26

Mitochondrial Import Machine: SAM

Back 26

Sorting and assembly machinery

Front 27

Mitochondrial Import Machine: OXA1

Back 27

Cytochrome oxidase activity

Front 28

TIM22 alone or with OXA1 import proteins into...

Back 28

inner mitochondrial matrix

Front 29

MIM and SAM import proteins into..

Back 29

outer mitochondrial matrix

Front 30

MIA machinery imports into..

Back 30

the inter membrane space

Front 31

PTS1

Back 31

Peroxisome matrix protein with targeting signal 1

Front 32

PEX5

Back 32

peroxisomal targeting signal receptor;

PEX5 is ubiquitinated to different degrees; if it is mono-ubiquitinated then the signal is sent to the cytosol to be recycled and de-ubiquitinated, if it is poly-ubiqutinated then it is sent to the cytosol for degradation by proteasome

Front 33

Vesicular protein trafficking: Adapter proteins

Back 33

1) recognize specific cytoplasmic portions of proteins destined for export out of the donor compartment

2) recruit and promote assembly of coat proteins (clathrin)

Front 34

Types of coat proteins..

Back 34

Clathrin, COP1, COP2, [retromer, AP-4, ESCRT proteins]

Each has multiple adapter protein complexes for recognizing specific cargoes

Front 35

Clathrin

Back 35

trans golgi to late endosome & plasma membran to early endosome (slide 24)

Front 36

COP1

Back 36

retrieval pathway from golgi to ER

Front 37

COP2

Back 37

ER to golgi

Front 38

SNARE proteins

Back 38

Tethering and fusion (slide 26)

Rab-GTP grabs onto Rab-Effector(membrane of acceptor) while v-snare grabs onto t-snare(membrane of acceptor)

Front 39

Targeting the lysosome: endocytic pathway

Back 39

materials taken up from the extra cellular space are delivered to endosomes and then to late endosomes which mature into lysosomes

Front 40

Targeting the lysosome: Autophagic pathway

Back 40

cytoplasmic materials are targeted for degradation by incorporation into lysosomes

Front 41

Targeting the lysosome: Biosynthetic pathway

Back 41

lysosomal proteins are synthesized and then targeted to the lysosome

Front 42

CNS

Back 42

brain and spinal cord

Front 43

Somatic Origin

Back 43

skin muscles tendons joins

Front 44

Visceral origin

Back 44

glands adipose tissue, smooth or cardiac muscle

Front 45

Bipolar neurons

Back 45

one Dendrite one axon; relay info to the cns

Front 46

Pseudounipolar neurons

Back 46

a single process that bifurcates into 2 branches

Front 47

Multipolar Neurons

Back 47

multiple dendrites and a single axon

Front 48

Trigger zone

Back 48

lowest threshold for initiating action potential because it has a very high concentration of ion channels

resting potential 65 mV

Front 49

Ankryin G

Back 49

involved in concentrating the ion channels at the axon initial segment

Front 50

Botox

Back 50

cause paralysis by entering the presynaptic terminal and cleaves one of the SNAREs required for fusion of synaptic vesicles ( the signal can't be released and the muscle is paralyzed)

Front 51

Neurofilaments

Back 51

intermediate filaments in neurons; density of these filaments is greater in axons compared to similarly sized dendrites

Front 52

Anterograde

Back 52

cell body to axon tip

Front 53

Retrograde

Back 53

axon tip to cell body

Front 54

MBP (myelin basic protein)

Back 54

essential for myelin formation

Front 55

Multiple sclerosis

Back 55

Demyelination disease that increases in IgGs and CSF

Front 56

Charcot-Marie tooth disease

Back 56

mutation of gap junction protein; x linked

Front 57

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

Back 57

Demyelination in the central pons occurs after rapid correction of hyponatremia

Front 58

Progressive multifocal encephalopathy

Back 58

viral infection of oligodendrocytes

Front 59

Astrocytes

Back 59

formation of blood brain barrier; regulation of Fluid composition in the brain

Front 60

Blood Brain barrier (BBB)

Back 60

Restricts ionic and fluid movements to help determine the compositions of brain ISF; protection from fluctuations in ionic compositions; disruptions in ionic composition will disturb synaptic and axonal signaling

Front 61

Lactate

Back 61

can be used as an energy source for neurons

Front 62

Neuron hierarchy

Back 62

Axons --> Bundle of axons (fascicle) -->nerve

Front 63

Endoneurium

Back 63

surround each nerve fiber; loose CT

Front 64

Perneurium

Back 64

encloses each fasicle;

Front 65

Epineurium

Back 65

encloses the whole nerve; dense irregular CT

Front 66

Unmyelinated axons

Back 66

ensheathed in Schwann Cells

Front 67

White matter

Back 67

myelinated axons

Front 68

Gray matter

Back 68

large number of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and microglia as well as axonal and dendritic processes

Front 69

neuropil

Back 69

used to refer to gray matter

Front 70

Chondrocytes/ chondroblasts

Back 70

produce cartilage in lacunae

Front 71

Chondrocyte origin

Back 71

Come from mesenchymal cells; mesenchymal cells come from somite cells

Front 72

Cartilagenous matrix

Back 72

Made up of type 2 collagen, avascular

Front 73

Perichondrium

Back 73

a type of dense irregular connective tissue

Front 74

Growth of caritlage

Back 74

Interstitial growth: the cells in the lacunae divide

Appositional growth: cells in the perichondrium will differentiate into chondroblasts and will lay down cartilage on the surface (lateral growth)

Front 75

Isogenous groups

Back 75

two cells in a lacunae

Front 76

Appositional growth

Back 76

sox 9 controls the expression of type II collagen and the proteoglycan aggrecan

Front 77

3 types of collagen

Back 77

Hyalin, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Front 78

Hyaline cartilage

Back 78

part of the temporary skeleton of the embryo, articular cartilage, cartilage of the respiratory tract; surrounded by perichondrium

Front 79

Elastic cartilage

Back 79

surrounded by perichondrium; matrices containing type II collagen interacting with proteoglycans and elastic fibers; can be found in external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube

Front 80

Fibrocartilage

Back 80

mixture of hyaline cartilage and dense regular CT; chondrocytes aligned along stress points; lacks a perichondrium; type 1 &2 collagen

Front 81

Proteoglycans of the cartilage

Back 81

Aggrecan has Large negative charge that attracts water; Keratan sulfate also part of the Aggrecan molecule; long half life

Front 82

Osteoarthritis

Back 82

chondrocytes produce IL1 TNF alpha & metalloproteinases; articulare has less water and less resilience

Front 83

Long bones

Back 83

compact bone on the outside; spongy (trabecular) bone on the inside

Front 84

Endosteum

Back 84

consists of progenitor cells that give rise to osteoblasts & bone lining cells; Osteocytes are connected via canaliculi

Front 85

Haversian System

Back 85

Haversian canal and lamellae; Concentric array of lamellar bone

Front 86

Periosteum

Back 86

fibrous & vascular layer; outer layer contains collagen and blood vessels; inner layer has osteoprogenitor cells

Front 87

Volkmann's canal

Back 87

perpendicular to the haversian canals; contains blood vessels

Front 88

Non collagenous matrix proteins

Back 88

osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin

Front 89

Vitamin D metabolite stimulates syn of...

Back 89

osteocalcin, osteopontin

Front 90

Vitamin K allows calcium binding by...

Back 90

osteocalcin

Front 91

osteopontin..

Back 91

allows the formation of the sealing zone in bone resorptioin

Front 92

osteonectin

Back 92

binds to type I collagen and hydroxyapatite

Front 93

Osteoprogenitor cells...

Back 93

cells come from mesenchymal cells; flattened or squamous with ovoid nucleus, RER, Golgi; Runx2 is a transcription factor that prompts expression of osteoblast genes

Front 94

Osterix (osx)

Back 94

encodes a zinc finger transcription factor and is required for differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes and the functions of osteocytes and chondroblasts

Front 95

Hedgehog signaling

Back 95

mediated by indian hedgehog protein, is required for the differentiation of Runx2/Osx osteoblasts

Front 96

Notch Signalng

Back 96

inhibits osteoblast differentiation by down regulation of osx

Front 97

Wnc/ Beta-catenin signaling

Back 97

stimulates osteoblast differentiation by osx activation

Front 98

Bone morphogenetic protein signaling

Back 98

promotes the transition of runx2 preosteoblasts to runx2/osx osteoclast by enhancing the expression of runx2 and osx

Front 99

Fibroblast growth factor signaling

Back 99

regulates runx2 preosteoblast proliferation and runx2/osx osteoblast differentiation

Front 100

Osteoblasts

Back 100

mononucleated; synthesize Type I and V collagen and non collagenous bone matrix proteins; responsible for calcification

Front 101

Osteocyte

Back 101

most terminally differentiated (mature) cells of osteoblastic lineage; occupies the lacunae; have processes that extend through canaliculi

Front 102

RANKL

Back 102

Important for bone resorption

Front 103

Osteoclasts

Back 103

responsible for bone resorption

Front 104

Howship's lacuna

Back 104

subosteoclastic compartment; has a ruffled border and a sealing zone which has different channels; Cathepsin K and MMP-9 are released into the lacuna to degrade the organic matrix

Front 105

Denosumab

Back 105

monoclonal antibody to rankL; functions like osteoprotegerin and decreases osteoclastogenesis

Front 106

Parathyroid hormone & Vitamin D

Back 106

enhance bone resorption at high concentration; supports bone formation at low concentrations

Front 107

Calcitonin, estrogen, glucocorticoids

Back 107

inhibit bone resorption

Glucocorticoids also inhibit formation

Front 108

Campomelic dysplasia

Back 108

mutation in SOX9 which regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and expression of type II collagen and aggrecan by chondroblasts

Front 109

osteporosis

Back 109

loss of estrogen results in increase in osteoclasts and more bone loss (reversal occurs with Vit D and calcium)

Front 110

osteopetrosis

Back 110

occurs as a result of a loss of osteoclasts; bone mass increased

Front 111

Osteomalcia

Back 111

softening or bending of bone due to lack of Vitamin D or the inability to convert to the active form of calcitriol; rickets is the juvenile form and is due to vitamin D deficiency

Front 112

Synarthrotic join

Back 112

little movement between joint (skull sutures)

Front 113

Amphiarthroses

Back 113

slight movement between joint (intervertebral joints)

Front 114

Diarthroses

Back 114

freely moveable; ankle or mandibular

Front 115

Diarthroidal joint

Back 115

joint capsule is dense connective tissue lined by synovial membrane; capsule is continuous with the periosteum; cavity filled with synovial fluid which contains lubricin; no basal lamina under synovial cells

synovial cells and capillaries contribute to synovial fluid

Front 116

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 116

Synovial cells proliferate and pannus (thickening of synovial membrane) is formed;

IL-6 stimulates CD4 T cells to produce rheumatoid factor & ACPA

Front 117

Placenta comes from..

Back 117

trophoblast cells

Front 118

Blastocyst cavity gets renamed ____ during week __ of development

Back 118

yolk sac, 2

Front 119

Bilaminar disc

Back 119

appears in week 2 of development, consists of epiblast and hypoblast

Front 120

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone

Back 120

produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells during the second week of development