Histology Of Uterus, Vagina And Mammary Glands 2006

Front 1

what are the parts of the uterus?

Back 1

fundus
body
isthmus
cervix

Front 2

where is the isthmus of the uterus?

Back 2

is narrower portion just before cervix

Front 3

what are the three layers of the uterus?

Back 3

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

Front 4

what is the perimetrium of the uterus and where on uterus is it?

Back 4

is external serous layer or visceral peritoneal covering of uterus
found over posterior and part of anterior surface
rest of surface of uterus covered with connective tissue

Front 5

what's another name for the myometrium of the uterus?

Back 5

is also the muscularis layer of that organ

Front 6

what are the sublayers of the myometrium?

Back 6

3 irregular layers
1. outer muscular layer - oblique
2. middle muscular layer - circular
3. inner muscular layer - oblique again

Front 7

where in the uterus is the area vaculosa?

Back 7

is in myometrium

Front 8

what is in the area vaculosa?

Back 8

contains major vessels entering from broad ligaments, branching under outer layer of uterus

Front 9

what are branches of uterine artery in uterine wall?

Back 9

outermost - still uterine artery
middle - branched uterine become arcuate arteries
endometrium - radial branches of arcuate arteries

Front 10

what makes up the endometrium of uterus?

Back 10

uterine surface epithelium, tubular glands, connective tissue stroma

Front 11

which part of endometrium is sloughed off in menstruation - the whole thing?

Back 11

no; just superficial 2/3rds also called stratum functionale or funtionalis

Front 12

what causes the sloughing of the superficial part of the endometrium?

Back 12

absence of estrogen and progesterone

Front 13

what part of the endometrium of uterus remains during menstruation and why?

Back 13

stratum basale or basalis remains to regenerate stratum functionale or functionalis

Front 14

what are the cycles of the endometrium?

Back 14

1. menstruation
2. proliferative phase
3. secretory phase

Front 15

what cascade of local events in uterus cause menstruation?

Back 15

1. irregular contractions from spiral arteries, branches of radial branches
2. periodic blanchind and ischemia results
3. without estrogen or progesterone matrix metalloproteases released to degrade extracellular matrix
4. cascade of lytic events
5. tissue breaks up, released into lumen
6. myometrium contracts, expelling debris from lumen

Front 16

what arteries supply the basalis?

Back 16

straight arteries

Front 17

when does the proliferative phase of menstrual cycle happen?

Back 17

day 4-14

Front 18

what is proliferating in the proliferation stage of menstrual cycle?

Back 18

cells that build endometrial functionalis

Front 19

how do cells in endometrium of uterus start to proliferate in proliferative phase of menstruation?

Back 19

glandular epithelial cells at end of menstrual cycle migrate to torn edges of connective tissue between glands in endometrium

Front 20

what happens in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, besides obvious proliferation of endometrium?

Back 20

glands elongate
simple tubular glands start straight, but by late proliferative phase have become curved
glandular epithelium more pseudostratified

Front 21

when is the late proliferative phase?

Back 21

just before ovulation

Front 22

when in the menstrual cycle is the secretory phase?

Back 22

days 15-28

Front 23

why is the secretory phase of menstrual cycle called secretory phase?

Back 23

because endometrium now begins glandular secretion

Front 24

what happens in the secretory phase of menstruation?

Back 24

1. mitosis of stomal and gland cells slow
2. see basal vacuolation in cells that are extracted - basically this just means that cells are building up glycogen stores
3. glands become more coiled
4. basal glycogen diminishes
5. secretion appears in lumina of glands
6. coiled arteries reach far into functionalis
7. mild stromal edema begins
8. stromal cells differentiate into decidual cells with help from estrogen and progesterone

Front 25

what is the secretory product that uterine glands begin to produce in secretory phase to prepare for possible pregnancy?

Back 25

is mucoid fluid
rich in glycogen
needed for embryo development

Front 26

what do coiiled arteries of uterus in secretory phase of menstrual cycle supply?

Back 26

in functionalis, give off small branches to individual subepithelial capillaries and to larger lacunae of anastomosed capillaries

Front 27

when would decidual cells, derived from stromal cells of uterus be produced and necessary?

Back 27

in case of fertilization
would be needed for implantation of blastocyst
decidual cells contribute to favorable environment for embryo development

Front 28

what is the cervix in relation to the uterus?

Back 28

is longitudinal distal portion of uterus

Front 29

how is cervical mucosa different than uterine mucosa?

Back 29

does not become thicker throughout menstrual cycle, is not sloughed off

Front 30

how is cervical muscle different than uterine muscle?

Back 30

cervix does not have inner longitudinal layer
responds differently in childbirth than uterine muscle - hope so

Front 31

what kinds of mucosal structures are there in the cervix?

Back 31

cervix mucosa has elaborate clefts and folds

Front 32

what kinds of cells are in cervical mucosa?

Back 32

mucous cells - live in clefts and folds of cervix
branched glands

Front 33

what's different about cervical mucous than mucous in other parts of body?

Back 33

mucous properties of cervix change with menstrual cycle

Front 34

how does cervical mucous change with the menstrual cycle?

Back 34

mid-cycle: lots of watery mucous with micro-passages to help sperm navigate uterus
other times: less, thicker mucus impassable to sperm

Front 35

what kinds of cells make up cervical epithelium?

Back 35

simple columnar

Front 36

what are nabothian cysts?

Back 36

are enlarged pockets of mucosal folds in cervix

Front 37

how many lobes are in each boob?

Back 37

15-20

Front 38

what is a lobe in the boob made up of?

Back 38

is compound of tubulo-alveolar glands with separte lobar ducts each opening onto apex of nipple

Front 39

what constitute the mammary parenchymal layer?

Back 39

epithelial structures of lobes and fine connective tissue

Front 40

where is the mammary parenchymal layer in relation to fat in the boob?

Back 40

mammary parenchymal layer is suspended tween superficial and deep fat

Front 41

what are the different kinds of fat of the boob?

Back 41

have two types;
1. superficial fat
2. deep retromammary fat

Front 42

what is a ductal-lobular unit in relation to the boob?

Back 42

is smallest functional unit with terminal duct and associated alveoli
is end of branches of ducts

Front 43

what kind of cells are in both alveoli and ducts?

Back 43

myoepithelial cells

Front 44

what kind of epithelium do larger ducts have compared to smaller ones in the boob?

Back 44

have columnar epithelium

Front 45

what's a lactiferous sinus in the boob?

Back 45

is an enlargement of each lobar duct in nipple

Front 46

what sits in lobar ducts when they're not being used?

Back 46

keratinized cells

Front 47

describe the important histological characteristics of the nipple

Back 47

is pigmented, wrinkled
tall connective tissue papillae under stratified squamous epithelium
sebaceous glands in epithelium
no sweat glands or hairs

Front 48

what are glands of montgomery and where are they?

Back 48

are in areola
are small modified mammary glands

Front 49

what is the areola histologically speaking?

Back 49

is pigmented area around nipple
connective tissue within it has circularly arranged smooth muscle cells that allow nipple to become erectile

Front 50

in the inactive boob gland, what do the cells typically look like?

Back 50

are few alveoli
few cells taller than cuboidal

Front 51

in the preggers boob gland, what do the cells typically look like?

Back 51

pregnancy - tubules form buds that enlarge into alveoli

Front 52

in lactating boob gland, what's going on in the cell - what are the organelles doing? what's in there?

Back 52

cells look like any other cell making protein - RER
have lipid droplets budding into lumen covered with thin layer of cytoplasm and cell membrane
apocrine secretion
lactose in secretion granules
casein = milk protein also in secretion granules
secretion granules released via exocytosis
some immunoglobulins in secretion especially right after birth

Front 53

what the hell is apocrine secretion in the context of lactating boob glands?

Back 53

when cell commits suicide, releasing self with contents

Front 54

what is colostrum?

Back 54

is boob milk first few days after giving birth when milk is especially high in immunoglobulins

Front 55

what hormones help lactation?

Back 55

estrogen, progesteron
prolactin, oxytocin
insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormone

Front 56

what does estrogen do to help boob lactate?

Back 56

promotes growth of ducts

Front 57

what does progesterone do to help boob lactate?

Back 57

promotoes alveolar develoment

Front 58

what does prolactin do to help boob lactate?

Back 58

necessary to make milk proteins

Front 59

what do insulin, growth hormone and thyroid hormone do to help boob lactate?

Back 59

don't really help, but could seriously mess up
if levels of these hormones not appropriate, milk will not be made

Front 60

what does oxytocin do to help boob lactate?

Back 60

is necessary for milk let-down and
under appropriate conditions, causes myoepithelial cell contraction

Front 61

describe the functionalis of the endometrium in the premenstrual stage

Back 61

this is one of the study queestions from the syllabus - hope i can answer this later on

Front 62

what is the role of the spiral arteries in menstruation?

Back 62

don't know - fill this in when that becomes clear

Front 63

how does the cervix differ from the fundus, body and isthmus of the uterus?

Back 63

mucosa doesn't thicken with change in menstrual cycle

Front 64

describe changes related to cycle found in cervix

Back 64

mucus stuff - thicker or thinner, more or less and harder or easier for sperm to travel through - best time is right after ovulation