Histology Of Female Reproductive Tract

Front 1

Layers in Ovary

Back 1

1. Tunica Albuginea: dense irregular connective tissue
2. Germinal Epithelium: simple cuboidal epithelium
3. Cortex: ovarian follicles, cellular connective tissue
smooth muscle cells
4. Medulla
loose connective tissue
contorted blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
nerves

Front 2

Pathway of the Oocyte (has to rupture through)

Back 2

Front 3

Fetal life to Menopause Oocytes

Back 3

Front 4

Oocyte emerging

Back 4

Front 5

FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT stages

Back 5

1. Primordial
2. Growing
3. Mature Graafian

Front 6

Ovarian follicles

Back 6

Front 7

Primordial Follicle

Back 7

flattened epithiel cells begining of a primodial follicle (Differentiate and become secretory as they mature)

1. Oocyte
30um diameter
large nucleus
Balbiani Bodies = organelles
2. Follicle cells; simple, squamous epithelium
basal lamina

Front 8

GROWING FOLLLICLE (PRIMARY)

Back 8

Z.P; secreted by the oocyte and like a shell
- need to sperm to be able to pentrate the zona pellucida (allowing only one sperm to eneter - acrosomal reaction)

Follicle cells: cuboidal follicel cells
- from the squamous before

Front 9

GROWING FOLLICLE CELLS 2

Back 9

3-layers (follicle cells now called granulosa cells)- now have a secretory function

no blood supply enters here;
there is a BM that the macromolecules have to cross but since there isnt any tight junction around here then the nutrients diffuse throughout (no blood ova barrier verses blood testies barrier- (because sperm is foreign in a male)

Front 10

GROWING FOLLLICLE (SECONDARY)

Back 10

follicle cells = granulosa cells
* Stroma
1. theca interna
cuboidal secretory cells
vascular
produce Oestrogen precursor

2. theca externa
connective tissue
smooth muscle cells
collagen

Front 11

Growing oocyte requires?

Back 11

growing oocyte requires FSH, IGF-1, EGF, Ca2+

Front 12

MATURATION PROCESS

Back 12

1. Zona pellucida layed down
2. Theca cells producing oestrogen precursor
3. Balbiani bodies disperse
4. Secretory vesicles appear close to oocyte which contain proteases
5. fluid-filled antrum develops & is secreted by granulosa cells
- OMI inhibits further growth of oocyte
6-12 layers of granulosa cells
6. Oocyte pushed to side 125um diameter
follicle now 10mm diameter
7. Granulosa cell changes
increase in microvilli on antral surface
:. increase in LH receptors
6-12 layers of granulosa cells

Front 13

MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

Back 13

Front 14

Cumulus Oophorus

Back 14

The cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phor=carrier; latinized ending "-us"),

Front 15

Corona Radiata

Back 15

The corona radiata is the innermost layer of the cumulus oophorus and is directly adjacent to the zona pellucida, the outer protective layer of the ovum

Front 16

MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

Back 16

Front 17

Pituiatary Control over Hormones produced by oocyte

Back 17

Front 18

OVULATION

Back 18

1. Increase in antrum fluid
2. proteolysis of follicular wall
3. deposition of glycosaminoglycans around oocyte
4. smooth muscle contraction in theca externa
due to prostoglandins
5. blood flow stops on ovary surface
6. surface ruptures
7. oocyte, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus expelled

Front 19

Theca lutein cells

Back 19

Front 20

Granulosa Lutein Cells

Back 20

Front 21

Corpus Luteum

Back 21

remaining follicle after ovulation
 bleeding capillaries in theca interna = clot forms
 stromal connective tissue invades antrum
 blood vessels grow into granulosa layer
 granulosa and thecal cells = lutein cells
 progesterone and oestrogen production

Front 22

CORPUS
LUTEUM no fertilization

Back 22

14 Day life then degenerates gradual decrease in hormone production becomes a scar = corpus albicans (or white corpus) which degenerates over 2 months

Front 23

CORPUS
LUTEUM yes fertilization

Back 23

Front 24

FERTILIZATION from the oocytes perspective

Back 24

sperm must penetrate the
corona radiata, zona pellucida & oocyte plasma membrane
several sperm penetrate ZP BUT polyspermy blocked by…
1. large, prolonged depolarization of oocyte plasma
membrane
2. proteases released from oocyte degrade sperm receptors
3. proteases create the perivitelline barrier with the ZP

Front 25

MAMMARY GLANDS Hormones

Back 25

Oestrogen
• promote breast development by stimulating duct
& connective tissue growth
• accummulation of adipocytes
Progesterone
• prepare breast for lactation by promoting lobe proliferation
Prolactin from adenohypohysis
• initiates milk secretion by the cells
Oxytocin from neurohypophysis
• initiates ejection of milk from the mammary glands

Front 26

MAMMARY GLANDS;
structure

Back 26

Front 27

Areola & Nipple

Back 27

Areola contains
sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
increased pigmentation
& sensory nerve endings

Nipple
Numerous sensory nerve endings
Lactiferous ducts lined with
stratified squamous epithelium
open onto nipple

Front 28

Ductal cells

Back 28

gradual transition in the epithelium
From
simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium near secretory cells
To
Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 29

INACTIVE BREAST

Back 29

Front 30

LACTATING BREAST

Back 30

Front 31

Lactating Breast High Power

Back 31

myoepithelial cells contract

Front 32

UTERINE TUBES
Wall of uterine tubes composed of 3 layers:

Back 32

Mucosa
longitudinal folds project into the lumen
lined with ciliated & non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Muscularis
inner circular, outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
Serosa (peritoneum)
Mesothelium & thin connective tissue layer

Front 33

Uterine Tube lumen

Back 33

- lined with cilia allowing for motility

Front 34

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

Back 34

disater @ 6 weeks of growth the female gets Sx (blleding, crampng, nausea, rupture, death, sever back pain on that side)
- a lot worse than normal ovarian pain

Front 35

Menstrual Cycle

Back 35

Front 36

UTERUS WALL LAYERS

Back 36

ENDOMETRIUM simple columnar epithelium Glands & connective tissue
MYOMETRIUM Smooth muscle (INC. in pregnancy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia to deliver the baby)
- lots of muscle in different directions for contraction
PERIMETRIUM Blood vessels Connective tissue

Front 37

Endometrium

Back 37

stratum functionalis
• Adjacent to lumen
• Changes with the menstrual cycle
• Shed during menstruation stratum basalis
• provides basal cells for regeneration of stratum functionalis

Front 38

Uterine wall Blood vessels

Back 38

spiral allows strech and moves

LACUNAW: fill with blood suppling the surface
- shed and can expose the spiral aa.

Front 39

Proliferative Phase

Back 39

Front 40

Proliferative Phase: Histology
= regeneration and growth

Back 40

Doubles in thickness (c 5mm)
Glands tightly packed and coiling
+/- Oedema in connective tissue

Front 41

Proliferative Phase Glands

Back 41

Front 42

Secretory Phase: Menstrual Cycle

Back 42

Front 43

Secretory Phase: Histology

Back 43

• Glands appear saw-tooth shaped (INC> SA to INC. production)
• Spiral Arteries – lengthen, more coiled
• Oedema

Front 44

Menstrual Phase: Cycle

Back 44

Front 45

Menstrual Phase: Process

Back 45

Front 46

Menstrual Phase Histology

Back 46

Front 47

Menstrual Cramps

Back 47

Sm contraction of myometrium (menstrual cramps)

Front 48

The different stages of the endometrial lining LOW POWER

Back 48

Front 49

The different stages of the endometrial lining HIGH POWER

Back 49

Front 50

Placenta cells Overview

Back 50

Front 51

Placenta - Maternal Blood

Back 51

Front 52

Placenta fetal surface to maternal surface

Back 52

CP: Chorionic plate; solid plate that makes the chorionic villi (with the fetal vessles inside)

maternal blood filtering around the villispaces

DC: decidua basalis

Front 53

Fetal Circulation to maternal circulation

Back 53

Front 54

intervillous spaces

Back 54

Chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade endometrium
& allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood

Front 55

Placental Barrier
from maternal to fetal

Back 55

Front 56

Placental Villi
- high power

Back 56

2 outer cell layers:
OUTER: smaller and cuboidal shaped (syncorto)
INNER: larger and can be multi-nucleated)

Front 57

Problems with the Placenta

Back 57

1. Placenta previa Covers the cervix
2. Placental abruption Comes away from uterine wall
3. Pre-eclampsia Hypertension + proteinuria

Front 58

CERVIX ENDOTHELIUM

Back 58

large glands change with cycle (allows or inhibts sperm passage)
No spiral arteries
Not shed during menstruation

Front 59

VAGINA
3 layers

Back 59

Front 60

VAGINA HIGH POWER

Back 60