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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What embryonic layer is connective tissue derived from?
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Embryonic mesoderm
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What are the three components of CT?
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Ground substance, fibers, Cells
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What are some characteristics of ground substance?
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Amorphous, colorless, homogenous
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What are the three main components of ground substance?
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1. Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) - most abundant, negativly charged- hydrated
2. Proteoglycans - secreted by resident cells, have a protein backbone bound to GAGS. Hydrophyllic- surrounded by water . Multiadhesive glycoproteins - Laminin (900 kD) is a main component of BL, and fibronectin. |
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What type of CT surrounds this cell? What is it composed of?
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Hyaline cartilage - composed of type 2 collagen
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What is the term for accumulating tissue fluid in CT?
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Edema (swelling)
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What are the three main types of fibers?
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Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
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How many types of collagen are there? What color does it stain in H&E?
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There are 19 types, and it stains pink (eosin) in H&E due to it being acidophilic.
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What are the common sites to find type 1 collagen? What is its function?
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1. Found in bone, CT of skin, tnedon, ligaments, dentin, sclera, fascia, and organ capsules (makes up 90% of collagen found in body).
2. It provides resistance to force, tension, and stretch |
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What the the common sites to find type 2 collagen? What is its function?
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1. Cartilage (hyaline and elastic), notochord, and intervertebral disks
2. Provides resistance to intermittent pressure. |
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What are common sites to find type 3 collagen? what are its functions?
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1. Found in loose connective tissue and organs (uterus, liver, spleen, kidney, lungs...), smooth muscle; endoneurium, blood vessels, and fetal skin
2. Forms reticular fibers, arranged as a loose network of fibers, provides a supportive scaffolding for specialized cells of organs and blood vessels. |
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What are some common sites for type 4 collagen? What are its functions?
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1. Basal Laminae of epithelia, kidney glomeruli, and lens capsule.
2. Provides support and filtration barrier |
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What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrom (EDS)?
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A name given to a group of more than 10 types of collagen disorders.
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What two AA's are unique to Elastic Fibers?
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Desmosine and isodesmosine
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What special protein is an integral part of elastic fibers? What disease is characterized by a defect in this protein?
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Fibrillin - marfans syndrome
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What kins of stains must be used to visualize elastic fibers? What colors does it stain?
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Orecin or resorcin-fuchin to stain the fibers purple, dark blue, or blue black.
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Where are elastic fibers commonly found?
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The walls of blood vessels, usually forming fenestrated membranes in larger vessels (aorta)
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Identify the tissues abbreviated in the picture
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BV- Blood vessel
E - elastic fibers (orecin stained) C - collagen |
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Identify the tissue, and location.
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Elastic Laminae of the aorta that allow it to recoil in response to changes in systolic pressure.
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What are some characteristics of Marfans Syndrome?
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Patients are tall, with long extremities. Mitral valve prolapse, dilation of the root of aorta, aortic dissection. Caused by a deficiency in the protein fibrillin 1.
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What type of collagen fibers make up reticular fibers?
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Type 3
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What kind of stain is used to visualize reticular fibers?
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silver
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Where is the reticular laminae located?
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Beneath the basal Laminae
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What kind of fibers form the framework for the lymph nodes and the spleen?
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Reticular fibers
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What type of tissue is displayed? what kind of stain was used?
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Reticular fibers in the adrenal cortex, stained with silver
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What are the two types of connective tissue cells? Name examples of each.
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1. Resident (permanent)
- Fibroblasts - adipose - macrophage - mast cells - specialized -e.g. osteoblasts 2. Immigrant (wandering) - plasma cells - leukocytes |
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What is the most abundant CT cell type? What is its function?
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Fibroblasts - synthesizes extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
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What is a specialized form of the fibroblast that has a role in wound healing?
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Myofibroblast - contains bundles of actin microfilaments and dense bodies.
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Name for a quiescent fibroblast
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Fibrocyte
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Name the cell type of the CT
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Fibroblast
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What are the two types of adipose tissue?
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White fat (unilocular) and Brown Fat (Multilocular)
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What is the role of brown fat?
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Found in infants and is heat generating when mobilized by symp. nervous system. Found only in kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, neck and mediastinum of adults
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Where are adipose cells derived from?
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undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
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Identify the tissue
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White fat (unilocular)
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What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
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Overproduction of Ghrelin, making the patient hungry all of the time.
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What is peptide YY?
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A gatrointestinal peptide signaling satiety through the hypothalamus
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What is leptin?
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Hormone secreted by fat cells that works on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. Obese people are resistant.
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What is the origin of the mast cell?
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Hemopoietic in bone marrow, differentiate in CT
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What substances do mast cells secrete?
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- Histamine and slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
- Eosiophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors (ECF and NCF) - Heparin - anticoagulent |
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Identify the CT type
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Mast cells
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Where are plasma cells derived from? What do they produce?
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B-lymphocytes, they produce antibodies.
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Identify the CT
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Plasma cells
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What immunoglobulin is produced by plasma cells that interacts with mast cell receptors?
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IgE - causes mast cells to degranulate, which causes a release of its chemical factors.
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Where are tissue macrophages derived from?
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Blood borne monocytes
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Identify the cells
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Macrohphage
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Identify the arrowed cells. What is this a response to?
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Macrohpages that have fused into multinucleated cells in response to a foreign body (i.e. hait in an incision or a suture.)
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Name the 3 types of lymphocytes and their functions.
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1. B Lymphocytes give rise to plasma which make immunoglobulin
2. T Lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity 3. Natural killer cells (NK) destroy virus infected cells and some tumors. |
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What are the functions of neutrophils?
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First to arrive at the site of inflammation; leave by a process called diapedesis. Active phagocytes (microphages) that can phagocytose some bacteria.
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What is pus?
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An accumulation of dead neutrophils
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What processes are eisonphils associated with?
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Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammatory processes. Found in lamina propria of guy.
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What morphological characteristics make eosinophils distinct?
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Large red granules, and a bilobed nucleus
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What is edema?
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Accumulation of fluid in the CT comparment.
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1. What happens if hydrostatic pressure is too high, as in congestive heart failure?
2. What happens if colloid osmotic pressure is too low, as in starvation? |
1. Fluid accumulates in the ECM
2. Fluid accumulates in ECM |
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What is the difference between loose and dense CT?
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Loose CT has a lot of cells, but few fibers. Dense CT has the opposite.
Dense CT is broken up into two groups, Irregular and Regular. |
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Where are Dense irregular CT found?
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Dermis - reticular layer
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Where would one find regular CT?
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Tendons, ligaments
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Where is loose CT found?
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Found around glands. Cells include Mast cells, plasma, macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
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Identify the CT type
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Loose CT
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Identify the CT type
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Dense irregular CT containing mainly fibroblasts
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Identify the CT type
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Dense Regular CT - fibroblasts predominate. EPT - epitendineum, TF - tendon fscicles, Ent - endotendineum
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