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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a gene?
a) densely coiled DNA b) a collection of genomic sequences encoding a set of functional products c) a trait physically expressed by an individual d) a membraneous organelle containing hereditary information |
b
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define nucleolus.
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site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly
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________ makes up chromosomes.
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chromatin
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What are the two types of chromatin?
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euchromatin or heterochromatin
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Chromatin is made up of:
a) protein complexes called nucleosomes, around which the DNA is wound b) mostly of a core of 8 histone proteins of several different types c) nucleozymes and coiled DNA d) histone and non-histone type proteins |
a
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How do Histone Deacetylases cause DNA to tightly coil together?
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Enzymes remove the acetyl group from
histones, causing the DNA to coil tighter |
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______ cells contain one half of the chromosomes and ________ of X or Y chromosomes.
a) germ; either b) somatic; either c) somatic; a pair (XX or XY) d) germ; a pair (XX or XY) |
a
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somatic cells are ______ meaning _______.
a) diploid; n b) haploid; n c) haploid; 2n d) diploid; 2n |
d
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Why are germ cells haploid?
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allows for the correct number of chromosomes after fertilization
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the nucleus is a ________ organelle, and the nucleolus is a _________ organelle.
a) membraneous; membraneous b) non-membraneous; membraneous c) membraneous; non-membraneous d) non-membraneous; non-membraneous |
c
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What are the three regions in the nucleolus?
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fibrillar centres
fibrillar material granular material |
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What is nucleostemin?
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protein that controls the cell cycle; it is inversely proportional to the progression of the cycle
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Regarding the nuclear envelope,
a) it is continuous with the SER b) it is a selectively permeable single membrane c) it separates the nucleolus from the nucleus d) it separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm |
d
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What are nuclear pores created by?
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Merging of the nuclear envelope's inner and outer membranes
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What are nuclear pores?
a) created by the merging of the nuclear envelope's inner and outer membrane, and composed of 8 multidomain protein subunits b) an ATP dependent channel on the nuclear envelope c) regions of the nuclear envelope which posses voltage-gated channels and allow for it's selective permeability d) occur in the perinuclear space |
a
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The intermediate filaments of the nucleus are denoted as
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lamins
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lamins
a) disassemble during mitosis and remain disassembled when it is completed b) remain intact even if the nuclear envelope is disrupted c) are essential in gene transcription but not in DNA replication d) are microtubules present in the nucleolus |
b
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The state of a cell population is determined by:
a) meiotic activity b) rate of apoptosis c) mitotic activity d) depends on the cell type |
c
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What are the three states of cell populations?
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static
stable renewing |
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What are characteristics about the static population of cells?
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- cells no longer dividing
- MAY enter mitotic division under specific circumstances |
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What state of cell population would cell be in if they are slowly dividing to maintain normal tissue/organ structure?
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stable population
examples smooth muscle cells, cells of endothelial blood vessels |
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Which population of cells (state) are undergoing constant mitotic activity, and result in morphologically different daughter cells?
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renewal population
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Which type of cells renew rapidly?
a) blood cells, smooth muscle cells of hollow organs b) epithelial cells of the lens in the eye c) uterine fibroblasts d) non of the above |
d
rapidly: blood cells, epithelial cells (NOT including lens epithelium) |
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Which point in the cell cycle corresponds to the "point of no return?"
a) unreplicated DNA checkpoint b) chromosome segregation checkpoint c) restriction checkpoint d) G1 DNA damage checkpoint |
c
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What occurs in the M phase of mitosis?
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chromosome segregation
nuclear division equal partition of replicated chromosomes |
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Which phase is present in mitosis but NOT present in meiosis?
a) M phase b) S phase c) G1 phase d) G2 phase |
b
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Cell death can be ________ or _________.
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accidental or programmed
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Necrosis is a type of ______ cell death caused by ________ to cells.
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accidental
pathologic injury |
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Apoptosis is a type of
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programmed cell death
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What are the hallmarks of apoptosis?
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membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, chromatin aggregation, nuclear fragmentation, DNA fragmentation, Caspase Cascade
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Define autophagy
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self digestion of a cell's components by enzymes within the cell; prolonged autophagy can lead to cell death
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Paraptosis is
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programmed cell death in which mitovchondria swell; cell does not fragment
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Pyroptosis is
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programmed cell death related to antimicrobial response during inflammation
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Necroptosis is
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regulated necrosis; same process and can be inhibited by necrostatin-1
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Mitotic catastrophe
a) is caused by a malfunction at DNA damage checkpoints b) failure to stop the cell cycle after meiosis c) results in symmetrical, aneuploid cells d) always results in cell death |
a
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