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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The polar hydrophilic heads of the cell membrane face the cytoplasmic and extracellular surface. T or F?
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True, and hydrophobic tails oppose each other
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What do you call proteins that are associated with the lipid bilayer?
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Integral transmembrane protein and peripheral membrane protein
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Where is the glycocalyx coat found on the cell membrane?
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External leaflet (ECF side), and protects the cell from mechanical and chemical damage
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Normally, cells contain 1 nucleus, except for what 2 cells?
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Skeletal muscle cells
Osteoclasts |
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Which cells lack nuclei?
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Mammalian RBC's (chicken RBC has nucleus)
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The nucleus has a double membrane. T or F?
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True. Nuclear envelope consists of 2 concentric membranes
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Which nuclear membrane (inner or outer) is studded w/ ribosomes and continuous with rER?
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Outer nuclear membrane
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What are the 2 forms of chromatin?
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1. Heterochromain
2. Euchromatin |
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Euchromatin are abundant where?
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Abundant in active cells; lightly stained; uniformly dispersed
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Nucleolus is involved with what process?
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Protein synthesis
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Groups of ribosomes are called?
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Polyribosomes or polysomes
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All cells except what contain ribosomes?
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Mammalian RBC
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Why is rough endoplasmic reticulum rough?
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Because studded with ribosomes
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What is smooth ER involved in?
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Lipid metabolism (synth of steroid hormones), drug detoxification and release and recapture of Ca during muscle contraction/relaxation
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Functions of Golgi complex?
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1. Provides site for accumulation, concentration, and packaging of secretory proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
2. Biosynthesis of glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids, and neutral lipids |
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What are membrane-bound vesicles that contain various hydrolytic enzymes?
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Lysosomes
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The primary lysosome fuses w/ phagocytosed material or obsolete celullar organelles (autophagy), and this composite structure is called?
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Secondary lysosome
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What are the retained indigestible residual bodies after the contents of the secondary lysosomes are digested called?
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Lipofuscin (age pigment)
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What are peroxisomes?
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Small membrane-bounded organelles, containing oxidase and catalase enzymes, which synthesize and destroy hydrogen peroxide
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Mitochondria is stained by:
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Janus Green B
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What are the folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria called?
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Cristae
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What is the only other organelle other than nucleus that contains DNA?
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Mitochondria
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Cytoskeleton is composed of (3):
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1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments |
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Microfilaments are composed of what 2 things?
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Actin
Myosin |
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Microfilament is associated with which membrane activities?
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Endocytosis
Exocytosis Cell migratory activity |
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What are intermediate filaments?
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Abundant in cells subject to mechanical stress
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Microtubules are the major component of centriole. T or F?
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True
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Melanin, Lipofuscin and Hemosiderin are examples of cytoplasmic inclusions. T or F?
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True
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Lipofuscin increases with age. True or False?
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True
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Which intercelullar junction constitutes a barrer that prevents passage of water soluble molecules?
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Tight junction
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3 types of adhering (anchoring) junctions?
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1. Zonula adherens
2. Desmosomes/macula adherens 3. Hemidesmosome |
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Which junction involves actin filaments and a transmemb protein linker and are prominent in the intestine?
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Zonula adherens
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Whcih junction consists of a transmembrane protein linker + intercellular electron-dense plaque (hairpin loop)?
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Desmosome
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Which junction permits direct passage of solutes from cell to cell?
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Gap junction
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Which junction is bridged by interlocking transmemb proteins of the opposed memb?
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Gap junction
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Cilia is an example of?
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Microtubules
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Flagellum is an example of?
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Microtubules
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Cilia vs. Microvilli?
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Microville are cytoplasmic evaginations to icnrease free SA for absoprtion; cilia are microtubules
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Stereocilia are a type of cilia. T or F.
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False. Stereocilia are long and rigid microvilli.
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Basal lamina=??
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Lamina lucida + Lamina densa
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Basement membrane =??
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Basal lamina + Sub-basal lamina
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Which epithelium lines the blood vessels, pleural cavities, pulmonary alveoli and glomerular capsule?
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Simple Squamous
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Which epithelium lines the thyroid gland and collecting ducts of kidney?
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Simple cuboidal
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Which epith lines the stomach and intestine?
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Simple columnar
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Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in?
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Trachea and bronchi (ciliated)
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Skin is lined by which type of epith?
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Keratinized stratified squamous
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The excretory duct of glands are lined by?
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Stratified cuboidal
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Parotid and mandibular gland ducts are lined by?
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Str. columnar
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Lining of the bladder is an example of?
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Transitional epithelium
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Endocrine glands lack...?
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Ducts
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Example of simple straight tubular gland?
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Large intestine
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Example of simple coiled tubular gland?
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Sweat gland
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Example of branched tubular gland?
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Stomach
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Example of simple alveolar gland?
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Sebaceous
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Simple brached alveolar gland?
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Large Sebaceous gland
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Simple tubulo-acinar gland?
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Minor salivary gland
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Example of compound tubulo-alveolar gland?
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Pancreas
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What is the most common mode of the release of the secretory product?
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Merocrine
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What is the merocrine mode of the release of the secretory product?
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Secretory granules enclosed in a membrane and discharged by exocytosis
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Apocrine?
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Memb-bound granule + rim of cytoplasm + plasmalemma released from apex of cell E.g. sweat and mammary gland
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Holocrine?
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Entire cell released as the secretory product. E.g. sebaceous gland (*OIL=EW)
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Transfer of melanin pigment from melanocytes into keratinocytes is an example of what mode?
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Cytocrine
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What cells serve as a reservoir of cells that can differentiate into any other type of connective tissue cells?
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Mesenchymal cells
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What are inactive/quiescent fibroblasts called?
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Fibrocyte
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Which adipocytes have a high concentration of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm and called brown fat?
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Multilocular adipocytes
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Which cells produce heparin and histamine?
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Mast cells
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What gives the nucleus of plasma cells a cart-wheel like appearance?
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Chromatin
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Plama cells develop from which cells?
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B-lymphocytes
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Collagen fibres are present in?
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Tendon
Ligament Organ capsule |
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Elastic fibres are present in?
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Aorta, muscular arteries, nuchal ligament, pinna of ear and lungs
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5 Major types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
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DKCHH (Dark Chocolate +H)
Dermatin sulphate (tendons, ligaments) Keratin sulphate (cartilage and bones) Chondroitin sulphate (cartilage, bone, blood v) HepARin sulphate (arteries, lungs) HYaluronic acid (Eye) |
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2 embryonic connective tissues?
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1. Mesenchymal CT
2. Mucous CT (umbilical cord) |
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Which cartilage cell is contained in a lacuna?
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Chondrocyte
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Where are chondroblasts found?
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In growing cartilage
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Which bone cell secretes osteoid?
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Osteoblast
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Osteocytes are derived from?
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Osteoblasts
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What cell is associated with bone resorption or remodeling?
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Osteoclast
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Periosteum (outer memb) is absent where?
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Absent on articulating surfaces and at sites where tendons and ligaments insert on bone
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What are Sharpey's fibres?
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Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibres (Sharpey's fibre); also provide attachmnt for muscles and tendons
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Osteons or Haversian systems are found in?
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Compact bone
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What are found in the lacunae between the lamellae in the Haversian system?
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Osteocyte
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The central canals are connected by what?
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Perforating canals
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In what bones do intramembranous and intracartilaginous/endochondral ossification occur?
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Intramembranous: skull bones (EXCEPT base of the skull)
Intracartilaginous/endochondral: appendicular skeleton, vertebral column, and base of the skull |
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Specialized cells of muscular tissue is called what? Also, what property does muscular tissue have?
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specialized cells: myocytes
property: contractibility |
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What are the 3 types of muscles, properties of each, and examples?
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1. skeletal- striated + voluntary, (m.m. attached to bones of the skeleton)
2. cardiac- striated + involuntary (m.m. of the heart walls) 3. smooth- nonstriated + involuntary + regenerative (walls of most viscera- GIT, uterus, urinary bladder, etc) |
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Myofibrils are composed of what type of filaments? The filaments are composed of what?
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filaments: thick + thin
thick: myosin thin: actin, troponin, tropomyosin |
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Name the different bands, filaments, and lines of the myofibril.
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A band (dark, anisotropic): thick + thin myofilaments overlap
I band (lighter, isotropic): thin myofilaments striation: alternating light + dark bands each I band is bissected by dark transverse line, Z line each A band shows lighter zone in center, H band, bisected by M line smallest unit of contractile apparatus= sarcomere between the 2 Z lines |
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Properties of endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
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endo: each m. fiber surrounded by basal lamina + reticular fibers
peri: each bundle of m.m. fibers (Fascicle) is surrounded by dense irregular CT epi: m. surrounded by dense irregular CT |
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satellite cells are?
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spindle shaped cells w/ heterochromatic nuclei next to myocytes, inactive myoblast for regeneration of m. fiberes
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red + white muscle fibers are?
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red (slow twitch) fibers: smaller, rich in myoglobin + mitochondria
white (fast-twitch): larger w/ few mitochondria |
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Name some other properties of cardiac m.
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1 nucleus in center of cell + acidophilic sarcoplasm
intercalated disc @ junction of adjacent cells, create syncitium contain Purkinje fibers (specialized impulse conducting fibers) |
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Name some other properties of smooth m.
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elongated, spindle shaped w/ single centrally located nucleus + acidophilic cytoplasm
surrounded by fine network of reticular fibers (made by myocyte but then fibroblast) dense bodies: cytoplasm + cell membrane intermediate filaments link dense bodies into meshwork Ca transport |
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Neuron classification + examples
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multipolar: 1 axon + several dendrites
bipolar: 1 axon + 1 dendrite (retina) unipolar "pseudopolar": 1 axon that branches into central + peripheral branches (sensory ganglia) |
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nucleus of nerve cell body properties
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centrally placed, ovoid, spherical, euchromatic, eccentrically placed nucleus in neurons of autonomic ganglia, nucleolus, sex chromatin (Barr Body- F) in cats+rodents
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cytoplasm of nerve cell body properties
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Nissl substance aka chromatophilic (rER+ribosomes), neurofilaments (cytoskeleton), microtubules (transport of organelles), Golgi complex, mitoc., lipofuscin (lysosome residue)
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dendrite properties
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receive synaptic contacts, NO Golgi complex, have spines (gemmules) have dense material
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axon properties
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from axon hillock & end in terminal branches (telodendrites), have secretory vesicles store neuromodulators, neurohormones (oxytocin + vasopressin in hypothalmic neurons)
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synapse properties
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presynaptic terminal (telodendron), synaptic cleft (intercell space), post synaptic terminal on dendrites ( gemmules)
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types of synapse
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axo-somatic: axon with n. cell body
axo-dendritis (axon w/ dendrite) axo-axonic: axon+axon |
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neuroglial cells (gliocytes) types and properties
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CNS: astrocytes (star shaped + blood brain barrier + end feet)+oligodendrocytes (myelin)+microglial (phagocytic) + ependymal (CSF from choroid plexus)
PNS- neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) myelination |
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The grey matters correspond to what neurons
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Ventral: efferent
dorsal: inter lateral: sympathetic |
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cerebral cortex/cerebrum vs. cerebellum layers
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cerebrum gyri+sulci, 6 layers:
1. molecular- pyramidal stellate 2. external granular 3. external pyramidal 4. internal granular 5. internal pyramidal 6. fusiform cerebellum : 1. outer molecular layer 2. inner granular 3. intermediate purkinje cell- piriform |
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meninges properties
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dura mater or pachymenix
arachnoid & pia mater- leptomeninges epidural space subarachnoid space (CSF from choroid plexus in ventricle, enter) |
