Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
4 basic tissue types
|
Epithelium, CT, Muscle, Nervous
|
|
|
what is a parenchyma?
|
cells which make the functional units of an organ
|
|
|
6 functions of epithelia
|
protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, surface reception, reproduction
|
|
|
what is mesothelium?
|
it is simple squamous epithelium that lines the outer surfaces of internal organs to make smooth surfaces b/w viscera (derived from mesoderm)
|
|
|
what is endothelium?
|
lines all blood vessels, heart and lymphatics (derived from mesoderm)
|
|
|
simple columnar epithelium
where is it found and main functions |
lines the stomach, intestines, and parts of respiratory tract (fxns to secrete and absorb)
|
|
|
simple cuboidal epithelium
where is it found and main functions |
parts of respiratory tract, lining of ducts (fxns in secretion and absorption)
|
|
|
stratified squamous epithelium
where is it found and main functions |
keritinized (external body surfaces and forestomach in ruminants) -- resists friction. non-keritanized (vestibular region in respiratory tract, esophagus)
|
|
|
pseudostratified epithelium
where is it found and main functions |
all cells contact the BM, found in respiratory and urogenital tract. Have cilia most of the time.
|
|
|
transitional epithelium
where is it found and main functions |
simple, type of pseudostratified.
found in urogenital tract -- urothelium accommadating stretching; cells can slide over one another. has a cobblestone appearance. |
|
|
three types of intercellular junctions
|
anchoring, occluding, and communicating
|
|
|
what is another name for basement membrane?
|
basal lamina
|
|
|
name three functions for the basement membrane
|
cell adhesion, diffusion barrier, cell growth
|
|
|
name 4 apical surface modifications on a cell
|
flagella, microvilli, stereocilia, cilia
|
|
|
what helps a cilia to move?
|
the axoneme (9 doublets and 2 centrally located microtubules) -- dynein arms (force generated protein) allows doubles to slide in relation to each other.
|
|
|
List 4 connective tissue types
|
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
|
|
|
what is the most common CT cell? and what is it's function?
|
fibroblast/fibrocyte; synthesis of connective tissue fibers and ground substance
|
|
|
what are the function of reticular cells in CT?
|
they are stellate shaped (basophilic staining); located in CT in lymph organs. "fixed" fibroblasts that synthesize type III collagen
|
|
|
Fat cells; fxn and what their nucleus looks like
|
adipocytes; single liquid droplet doesn't stain, nucleus is flattened against the edge. Fat serves for energy production
|
|
|
Mast Cells; fxn, characteristics, and what does thier cytoplasm contain?
|
very large cell; filled with granules that have heparin and histamine dealing with inflammation and antigenic stimulation
|
|
|
Macrophages; origination, purpose, characteristic
|
2nd most common CT cell; originate in blood as monocyte, phagocytic; large cell with irregular/round shape (sometimes indented nucleus)
|
|
|
Plasma Cells; stain type, characteristics
|
very basophilic cytoplasm, dark round nucleus that looks like a wagon wheel, often has negatively staining (red) next to it that's the golgi complex. derived from B lymphoctyes
|
|
|
Types of collagen in connective tissue proper; purposes
|
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV
|
|
|
Type I collagen
|
course fibers; consist of 90% of the body's collagen, in skin, bone, ligaments, tendons, etc. stains pink/orange on H&E, and blue on trichrome stains. made by fibroblasts
|
|
|
Type II collagen
|
made by chondroblasts, found in cartilage and in the nucleus pulposus.
|
|
|
Type III (reticular fibers)
|
need special silver stain to see. Located in lymph organs, bone marrow, visceral organs, and skin. made by fibroblasts, reticular cells, and smooth muscle cells.
|
|
|
Type IV (lattice)
|
located EXCLUSIVELY in basement membrane. Synthesized by epithelial cells; adhesive properties
|
|
|
Elastic Fibers
|
recoil, pale pink, found in elastic arteries, nuchal lig., made by fibroblasts, smooth muscl. and chondroblasts.Highly refractile!
|
|
|
Ground substance; function and makeup
|
made by fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Washed out in preparations, not well visualized, made up of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. Fxn: glue b/w cells and fibers of CT.
|
|
|
List the 4 types of Connective Tissue Proper
|
Loose Irregular, Dense Irregular, Dense Regular, and Adipose
|
|
|
Loose Irregular CT
|
highly cellular, few fibers. Fibroblast is the predominant cell. Present beneath epithelia (mostly), provides support and vascularity.
|
|
|
Dense Irregular CT
|
fewer cells, more fibers. Arranged tightly but oriented irregularly. Found in joint capsules
|
|
|
Dense Regular CT
|
heavy amounts of collagen fibers arranged in parallel. Few cells; make up tendons, ligaments
|
|
|
Adipose Tissue
|
Adipocyte makes. usually found in association with loose CT's. heat and energy production, cushioning.
|
|
|
3 main functions of Cartilage and Bone
|
support, connect and protect
|
|
|
List 4 types of cells present in cartilage tissue
|
chondroblasts, chrondrocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts (in perichondrium)
|
|
|
Types of Fibers found in Cartilage?
|
type II collagen fibers and sometimes elastic in specialized types (nearly all avascular)
|
|
|
Function of ground substance in cartilage?
|
matrix stability, volume definition, and compressive properties.
|
|
|
3 types of cartilage
|
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic
|
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage; location, characteristics, type of collagen,
|
makes up articular surfaces of bone, respiratory airways, support structures of larynx and nose. they have lacunae and cells divide and form isogenic grps. Made up of Dense Irreg. CT (Type II). Territorial matrix is more basophilic than interterritorial; has perichondrium (DICT) which surrounds it except for the articular surfaces.
|
|
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
located in external ear,laryngeal and epiglottic cartilages. Isogenic grps of chondroblasts. Matrix is identical to hyaline except for the elastic fibers (refractile)
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
found in intervert. discs, in regions of transition (b/w fibrous CT and hyaline cart) -- never occurs alone. Cells are in orderly fashion, look for lacunae to distinguish it from dense CT. Contains type I collagen. No perichondrium
|
|
|
2 types of growth that cartilage goes through
|
Interstitial (growth between; divided cells produce matrix around them and between them); Appositional (growth along edges of pre-existing outer cartilage boundary)
|
|
|
what are canaliculi?
|
cellular processes that make contact with adjacent osteocytes and osteoblasts through channels to promote coordinated activity.
|
|
|
Is bone vascular or avascular?
|
vascular!
|
|
|
what are the bone forming cells called?
|
Osteoblasts; covers most surfaces of bone, secrete organic matrix. Euchromatic (active) nuclei
|
|
|
what type of fibers are in bone?
|
Type I (coarse) collagen
|
|
|
what type of nuclei do osteocytes have?
|
heterochromatic
|
|
|
what hormone breaks down matrix of bone?
|
parathyroid hormone
|
|
|
Osteoclasts (what do they contain, what do they look like, what are they derived from?)
|
multinucleated; giant cells. Derived from fusion of monocytes/macrophages. Contain hydrolytic enzymes (degrade organic matrix) and organic acids (degrade inorganic matrix)
|
|
|
what is the organic component of bone called?
|
fibers called osteoid; type I collagen and amorphous ground substance (GAG's and glycoproteins)(tensile strength of bone)
|
|
|
what is the inorganic component of bone called?
|
ground substance; hydroxyappatite (account for compressive strength)
|
|
|
Two types of microscopic appearances of bone?
|
Lamellar (mature bone); woven bone (immature -- always replaced by lamellar bone)
|
|
|
Architecture of bone (2 types and names associated with them)
|
Compact bone (cortical); spongy (trabecullar; cancellous)
|
|
|
What way(s) does bone grow
|
ONLY APPOSITIONALLY!
|
|
|
Functional unit of compact bone
|
Osteon - formed by lamellae around a central canal (bv's, nerves), osteocytes embedded b/w layers of matrix, and lacunae around osteocytes and canaliculi (connect for cell to cell contact)
|
|
|
What are perforating canals?
|
interconnect longitudinally arranged central canals.
|
|
|
What's the lining of the center of the osteon called?
|
endosteum
|
|
|
Periosteum (what is it and what are it's components)
|
outer covering of bone; highly vascularized and innervated(pain). Contains fibrous layer (outer) - dense reg (irreg) CT, capsule-like, has fibroblasts in it.
Osteogenic layer (inner cellular layer) - highly cellular, filled with osteoprogenitor cells. |
|
|
Intramembranous vs Endochondral ossification
|
I= replacement of loose CT; mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts (woven bone and appositional growth)
E= replacement of calcified hyaline cartilage; hyaline grows appositionally and interstitially and the cartilage is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts. |
|
|
Levels of Endochondral Ossification (osteogenesis to increase length of bone)
|
1. zone of resting cartilage (next to epiphyseal plate) - resting cartilage, no division
2. zone of proliferation - stacks of wedge-shaped cells, actively dividing 3. zone of hypertrophy - maturing chondrocytes; increasing in size 4. zone of calcification - prone to fracture; spicules of bone are forming around calcified cartilage; stains basophilic |
|
|
Articular cartilage - does it havea perichondrium?
|
NO!.
|
|
|
2 parts of the joint capsule
|
1. synovium (synovial layer) - epithelium that secretes synovial fluid
2. fibrous layer - adds stability transitions into ligaments |
|
|
Erythrocytes (fxn; shape)
|
RBC's -- red cytoplasm (heme containing o2 carrier) live about 120 days; shape: biconcave w/ central pallor (light passing through biconcave region)
|
|
|
3 types of color (in RBC's)
|
normochromic: normal amt HB
hyperchromic: high Hb hypochromic: low Hb |
|
|
what's an immature RBC called?
|
reticulocyte (appear more basophilic due to the remnants of ribosomal material)
|
|
|
Leukocytes: two main categories
|
granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)
|
|
|
Neutrophils (% in blood, function, characteristics)
|
most common of all leukocytes; segmented nucleus. Granules stain neutral, fxn: acute inflammation (1st line of defense)
|
|
|
Eosinophils (% in blood, fxn, characteristics)
|
lobed nuclei, 1% of leukocytes; eosinophilic staining granules (looks like a raspberry), fxn not clear - increase in allergic rxns and parasitic infxns.
|
|
|
Basophils (% in blood, fxn, characteristics)
|
lobed nuclei, intensely packed granulated staining basophilic. Least common of all leukocytes. Increases in parasitic disease. Granules contain histamine.
|
|
|
Lymphocytes (% in blood, fxn, characteristics)
|
% varies w/in species (highest in ruminants) large dense nucleus, chromatin pattern is clumpy; thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
|
|
|
Monocytes (% in blood, fxn, characteristics)
|
largest cell in blood! abundant pale blue cytoplasm (paler than lymphocytes); grainy appearance in cytoplasm, phagocytic
|
|
|
What is lymph?
|
serum like fluid; drainage product of tissue spaces filtered through lymph nodes.
|
|
|
What is the plasmalemma of a muscle cell called?
|
sarcolemma
|
|
|
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?
|
Sarcoplasm
|
|
|
What is the smooth ER that adapted for ion flux and conductance in a muscle cells called?
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
what is the mitochondria of a muscle cell called?
|
sarcosome
|
|
|
Give the organization of muscles from smallest grouping to largest grouping
|
Myofillament --> Myofibril --> Myofiber--->fascicles
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle (voluntary or involuntary, striated or not, nuclei characteristics)
|
voluntary; striated; multiple nuclei located at the periphery of myofibers; they are oval shaped w/ rounded shape in cross section.
|
|
|
What is the contractile unit of muscle called?
|
sarcomere; contains thick filaments (myosin - heavy mereomyosin heads and light meromysin tails) and thin filaments (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin)
|
|
|
What is the smooth ER that adapted for ion flux and conductance in a muscle cells called?
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
what is the mitochondria of a muscle cell called?
|
sarcosome
|
|
|
Give the organization of muscles from smallest grouping to largest grouping
|
Myofillament --> Myofibril --> Myofiber--->fascicles
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle (voluntary or involuntary, striated or not, nuclei characteristics)
|
voluntary; striated; multiple nuclei located at the periphery of myofibers; they are oval shaped w/ rounded shape in cross section.
|
|
|
What is the contractile unit of muscle called?
|
sarcomere; contains thick filaments (myosin - heavy mereomyosin heads and light meromysin tails) and thin filaments (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin)
|
|
|
What does the Z line do?
|
binds actin filaments
|
|
|
What does the A band do?
|
runs the length of the myosin fiber, contains actin and myosin
|
|
|
What does the I band do?
|
contains the actin filaments that aren't overlapped by myosin
|
|
|
What does the H band do?
|
contains myosin only in the center of the sarcomere
|
|
|
What does the M line stand for?
|
composed of tails of thick myosin filaments
|
|
|
What is the T tubule?
|
invaginations in the cytoplasm by the sarcolemma
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is used to move skeletal muscle? where does this occur?
|
acetylcholine; at the neuromuscular junction (where an axon synapses w/ myofibers; the axons release the neurotransmitter)
|
|
|
What is the antagonist to the neurotransmitter to stop muscle movement?
|
acetylcholinesterase
|
|
|
Steps for contraction of a voluntary muscle
|
1.nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular jxn
2.synaptic vesicles release Ach which binds to a receptor on sarcolemma and it depolarizes 3.depolarization is trasmitted to the T-tubules 4. Membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum depolarizes to release Ca in cytosol 5.Ca removed tropomyosin on the myosin (it's an antagonist) and actin can interact. 6.ATP used 7.loss of nerve stimulation causes Ca to go back in sarc. retic. 8.Tropomyosin returns to position blocking the actin from binding to myosin. |
|
|
Cardiac Muscle (involuntary or voluntary, striated or not, characterisitics)
|
involuntary; single nucleus at the center (halo appearance); intercalated discs apparent, branched fibers, striated (diad T-tubule)
|
|
|
What do myoconducting fibers do and what do they look like?
|
They generate the intrinsic rhythm of the heart to make contractions wave-like, they are longer and paler staining
|
|
|
Smooth Muscle (voluntary or involuntary, striated or not, characteristics)
|
fibers are elongated and have fusiform/tapered ends. Nucleus is elongated and fusiform. One nucleus per cell; located centrally. Non-striated
|
|
|
Connective Tissue associated with muscle
|
endomysium= surrounds myofibers
perimysium= surrounds fascicles epimysium= surrounds muscle bellies |
|
|
Nerve Cell bodies: in the CNS, in the PNS?
|
CNS: nuclei PNS: ganglia
|
|
|
What is an organized collection of nerve cell processes that forma definable anatomical structure?
|
A nerve (PNS) and a tract (CNS)
|
|
|
What does white matter contain?
|
nerve cell processes and "coverings"
|
|
|
What does grey matter contain?
|
nerve cell bodies (signal generators) and their immediate projections
|
|
|
3 ways to classify nervous tissue
|
Unipolar (nerve cell body gives off 1 axon that bifurcates); bipolar (nerve cell body gives off two processes); multipolar (nerve cell body that gives off multiple branches and dendrites and an axon)
|
|
|
What is an axon?
|
a cytoplasmic projection which conducts impulses out (away from the cell body) and transports materials both to and away from the cell body
|
|
|
What is a perikaryon?
|
the portion of the cell body that surrounds the nucleus - granular and basophilic -- has chromatophilic substance called Nissl substance
|
|
|
What's Nissl substance?
|
it's chromatophilic substance in the perikaryon that contains rough ER, ribosomes (for protein production) -- NOT in the axon
|
|
|
what is involved in direction movement of secretory products of the soma?
|
neurotubules
|
|
|
What's an axon hillock?
|
portion of the perikaryon that doesn't have chromatophilic substance; where the axon begins.
|
|
|
What is an axon?
|
a cytoplasmic projection which conducts impulses out (away from the cell body) and transports materials both to and away from the cell body
|
|
|
What is a perikaryon?
|
the portion of the cell body that surrounds the nucleus - granular and basophilic -- has chromatophilic substance called Nissl substance
|
|
|
What's Nissl substance?
|
it's chromatophilic substance in the perikaryon that contains rough ER, ribosomes (for protein production) -- NOT in the axon
|
|
|
what is involved in direction movement of secretory products of the soma?
|
neurotubules
|
|
|
What's an axon hillock?
|
portion of the perikaryon that doesn't have chromatophilic substance; where the axon begins.
|
|
|
Nerve Cell bodies: in the CNS, in the PNS?
|
CNS: nuclei PNS: ganglia
|
|
|
What is an organized collection of nerve cell processes that forma definable anatomical structure?
|
A nerve (PNS) and a tract (CNS)
|
|
|
What does white matter contain?
|
nerve cell processes and "coverings"
|
|
|
What does grey matter contain?
|
nerve cell bodies (signal generators) and their immediate projections
|
|
|
3 ways to classify nervous tissue
|
Unipolar (nerve cell body gives off 1 axon that bifurcates); bipolar (nerve cell body gives off two processes); multipolar (nerve cell body that gives off multiple branches and dendrites and an axon)
|
|
|
What is an axon?
|
a cytoplasmic projection which conducts impulses out (away from the cell body) and transports materials both to and away from the cell body
|
|
|
What is a perikaryon?
|
the portion of the cell body that surrounds the nucleus - granular and basophilic -- has chromatophilic substance called Nissl substance
|
|
|
What's Nissl substance?
|
it's chromatophilic substance in the perikaryon that contains rough ER, ribosomes (for protein production) -- NOT in the axon
|
|
|
what is involved in direction movement of secretory products of the soma?
|
neurotubules
|
|
|
What's an axon hillock?
|
portion of the perikaryon that doesn't have chromatophilic substance; where the axon begins.
|
|
|
List several different types of neurons.
|
Soma, Axon, Dendrites
|
|
|
Name two different types of axon flow and what they do.
|
orthograde (away from cell body) and retrograde (to the cell body)
|
|
|
what is telodendria and what does it do?
|
they are extensions off of the axon to increase surface area.
|
|
|
what are dendrites?
|
they are extensions off of the nerve cell body increase surface area
|
|
|
what is neuropil?
|
in the CNS, area surrounding the nerve cell bodies (consisting of CT and nerve cell processes)
|
|
|
what's a synapse?
|
point of electrochemical transfer between neurons or neurons and effector cells.
|
|
|
3 structural components and the synapse and their function
|
1. presynaptic membrane (makes the electrical stimulus into a chemical one) 2. synaptic vesicles (contain the specific neurotransmitter for that cell) 3. post synaptic membrane (the receiving cell's membrane that contains the receptors for the neurotransmitter to transfer the stimulus into and excitatory or inhibitory event)
|
|
|
Glial cells, what are they?
|
They are cells that are there to protect the neurons (cell bodies and axons)
|
|
|
Name the supportive glial cell(s) in the PNS
|
neurolemmocytes -- form myelin
|
|
|
Name the supportive glial cell(s) in the CNS
|
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
|
|
|
what is meant by an unmyelinnated axon?
|
it isn't truly unmyelinnated, it just has a single wrap around it b/c there are several axons per neurolemmocyte cell.
|
|
|
what is a satellite cell (amphicyte)
|
it's a glial cell (supportive cell) that is in the PNS surrounding ganglia (nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS)
|
|
|
functions of astrocytes and their location
|
located in the CNS, they sit next to arteries and veins, deal with the blood-brain barrier, phagocytose materials
|
|
|
functions of oligodendrocyte and their location
|
located in the CNS, they form myelin around the nuclei (cell bodies) in the CNS.
|
|
|
Microglia function and location
|
found in CNS, formed from monocytes, phagocytose
|
|
|
ependymal cells function, location and type of cell
|
in CNS, the are epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal in spinal cord; they give rise to CSF; cuboidal (w/ microvilli)
|
|
|
Menengial layers, functions, types, characteristics
|
CT that lines the brain, spinal cord, and spinal roots; forms a physical and phagocytotic barrier
|
|
|
3 connective tissues surrounding nerves
|
endoneurium: surrounds single nerve fibers
perineurium: surrounds nerve fasicles (bundle of nerve fibers) epineurium: surrounds nerve trunks (bunch of fascicles) |
|
|
Vessel layers
|
1. Tunica Intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica adventitia
|
|
|
Tunica Intima : contains?
|
endothelium, basement membrane, underlying loose irreg CT, and internal elastic membrane (elastic fibers and CT) -- the endpt to the intima
|
|
|
Tunica Media components
|
smooth muscle (circular pattern), CT and elastic fibers
|
|
|
Tunica Externa components
|
begins with the external elastic membrane, can have some smooth muscle, (dense fibroelastic to loose irregular CT)
|
|
|
what are the three types of arteries?
|
1. elastic -- has large amts of elastic fibers in smooth muscle, small amt of adventitia; no definite external elastic membrane; for constant blood pressure 2. muscular - large amounts of smooth muscle (some elastic fibers), cans discern internal and external elastic membranes - for volume regulation 3. Arterioles - smaller in size, 1-5 layers of smooth muscle, thin adventitia (externa) - controls distribution of blood to capillaries
|
|
|
what do capillaries look like and what are the three main types?
|
they are usually a thin layer of endothelium surrounded by a BM (no muscular layer or CT)
1.Continuous- endothelium is continuous and so it BM has pinocytotic vesicles for active transport 2. Fenestrated-fxn for fluid transport; has small fenestrae (holes in it) 3. Sinusoidal - gaps of endothelial cells and BM (seen in liver a lot) |
|
|
how can you distinguish lymph from other tubes?
|
more irregular lumen, valves, no RBC's in lumen, poorly organized CT in media/adventitia, thin walls.
|
|
|
How are veins different from arteries?
|
Veins have a lot more collagen and elastic fibers; very thin intima, and little or no muscular layer
|
|
|
3 layers of the heart
|
Endocardium (contains myoconducting fibers); myocardium, and Epicardium
|
|
|
cardiac skeleton is made up of what kind of fibers?
|
Dense irregular CT
|
|
|
Tunics of the respiratory system
|
Tunica mucosa, Tunica submucosa, Tunica muscularis, Tunica adventitia (if covered by a mesothelial layer then it's tunica serosa)
|
|
|
What are the different parts of the tunica mucosa?
|
Lamina epithelialis, lamina propria -- fxns for secretory and protection, and lamina muscularis (sometimes)
|
|
|
Tunica submucosa
|
connective tissue below the tunica mucosa -- it often has glands associated with it.
|
|
|
Tunica muscularis
|
often contains smooth muscle and/ or connective tissue
|
|
|
What happens in the vestibular region of the resp. tract?
|
it's the transition between the simple squamous epithelium of the skin and the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity (epithelia varies b/w species)
|
|
|
what is referred to as "classic respiratory epithelium" and what does it do?
|
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells (for air humidification)
|
|
|
name three types of cells found in the olfactory region
|
1. sustentacular (support) 2. basal (progenitor) 3. olfactory(sensory)
|
|
|
what is the vomeronasal organ and what does it consist of?
|
it's a paired organ w/in the palatal surface of the nasal cavity. Has both respiratory and olfactory epithelium. seeks out pheremones.
|
|
|
pharynx, what is it and what kind of cells does it contain?
|
it's between the larynx and the nasal cavity; it has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells (and some lymphoid tissue)
|
|
|
larynx - what does it do and what does it look like?
|
it connects the pharynx and the trachea. irregularly shaped C- cartilages that reinforce it
|
|
|
Trachea: cell type and distinguishing features
|
Lamina epithelialis:pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells
Lamina propria-submucosa: has elastic fibers and mucous/seromucous glands (for mucous blanket to cough up things) Has C-shaped hyaline cart. rings; has smooth muscle in tunica muscularis |
|
|
when the trachea ends what does it divide into?
|
primary bronchi
|
|
|
Primary bronchi divide into what?
|
secondary bronchi which lead to the lung lobes
|
|
|
What does the secondary bronchi divide into?
|
Tertiary bronchi
|
|
|
Bronchi layers; characteristics
|
Lamina epithelialis: pseudostr. cilated columnar epith. w/ goblet cells
Lamina prorpia: elastic fibers w/in loose irreg CT Lamina muscularis: smooth muscle (in helical pattern) Tunica submucosa: glands are diminishing Tunica mucosa: cartilage plates Tunica adventitia: normal |
|
|
Bronchioles
|
glands stop! cartilage stops; less smooth muscle; epithelia changes from pseudostratified to ciliated cuboidal (or columnar)
|
|
|
what are clara cells?
|
they are located in the bronchioles, they contain cytochrome p-450 for oxidative metabolism
|
|
|
what happens in a respiratory bronchiole?
|
gas exchange (the change from the conducting system to the exchange system) distinguishing characterisitic is the transition to alveoli (breaks in the epithelium)
|
|
|
what's an alveolar sac?
|
its in the alveolar duct, it houses several individual units of alveoli for gas exchange
|
|
|
what consists of the epithelium in the pulmonary alveolus?
|
epithelium made up of two types: type 1 pneumocyte (simple squamous epithelium - blood-air barrier where gaseous exchange occurs)
type II pneumocyte (cuboidal cells; secretes surfactant for lung to remain open and also progenitor cells for type I pneumocytes) |
|
|
3 types of primary lymphoid tissue?
|
thymus, bone marrow, GALT (peyer's patches)
|
|
|
what is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid tissue?
|
primary: produce lymphocytes that will become either T or B cell, differentiate w/o antigen
secondary:located throughout the body; expose lymphocytes to foreign antigen |
|
|
Secondary Lymph tissue types
|
Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT
|
|
|
Cortex and Medulla of Thymus (what's the difference visually and characteristically)
|
peripheral region of each lobule = cortex - thymic blood barrier
central region of each lobule = medulla (paler staining) - no thymic blood barrier |
|
|
Function of the Thymus
|
site of development for cell-mediated immunity (naive lymphocytes develop into mature T-cells)
|
|
|
Cells in the Thymus and functions
|
epithelioreticular cells - produce thymopoetin influences maturation of T-lymphocytes
Thymocytes - maturing T-cells |
|
|
what's the differences in the capillaries of the cortex and medulla in the thymus?
|
The cortex has continuous capillaries for the thymic/blood barrier --to keep from exposing the virgin t-cells to antigens, whereas the medulla has fenestrated capillaries so that antigens can slowly be "shown" to the t-cells.
|
|
|
what's the definitive feature of the thymus?
|
the thymic corpuscles. located in the medulla; acidophilic whorls of degenerating epithelioreticular cells.
|
|
|
what are the two basic parts of a lymph node?
|
the medulla and the cortex
|
|
|
the cortex has what kind of characteristics?
|
it has diffuse and nodular parts. The nodular parts consist of primary and secondary follicles.
|
|
|
DIffuse and nodular lymph tissue, which contains what?
|
Diffuse = T cells
Nodular = B cells |
|
|
examples of primary lymphoid tissue
|
thymus, peyers patches (GALT), bone marrow
|
|
|
examples of secondary lymphoid tissue
|
MALT, spleen, lymph nodes
|
|
|
About the Thymus
|
Site of development for cell mediated immunity (maturing T-cells) Has the cortex (outer portion - young T-cells that can't handle antigen presenting yet (continuous barrier b/w blood) then have the medulla -- maturing t-cells that handle some antigen presenting -- fenestrated capillaries for thymic/blood barrier.
Thymic corpuscles - swirly pattern of endotheliareticular cells (fxn unknown) |
|
|
About the Lymph node
|
secondary lymphoid tissue. Cortex contains both nodular (b-cells) and diffuse (t-cells). Can characterize nodes by primary or secondary follicle (2nd is active, 1ary is static)
|
|
|
primary follicle parts
|
germinal zone and the mantle (where all the other b-cells that aren't dividing due to their receptors didn't match the antigen presenters move to the outer concentrated region)
|
|
|
lymph flow within a node
|
> lymph enters node from afferent lymphatics (with valves that open toward the node)
> inflow to subcapsular sinus (marginal) > flow into cortical sinuses (in between nodules) > to medullary sinuses (which are continuous with the cortical sinuses) > flow out of the node via the efferent lymphatics at the hilus |
|
|
fxns of lymph nodes
|
immune defense; produce lymphocytes; filter lymph
|
|
|
spleen- white pulp; red pulp
|
white: rich in wbc's (lymphocytes) stains basophilic
red: rich in RBC's |
|
|
what's a PALS?
|
periarticular lymphoid sheath; t-cells around a central artery (that leads to the marginal zone and sinus)
|
|
|
sequence of blood flow through the spleen
|
- follows a highly ordered sequence of flow:
a. splenic artery - enters spleen at the hilum b. Trabecular arteries - muscular artery branches of the splenic - course along the trabeculae c. Central arteries (artery of white pulp) - as they leave the trabeculae, their adventitia blends into the reticular network within the white pulp - they become surrounded by lymphatic sheaths or nodules d. Penicillus - formed after the central artery has branched several times, lost its lymphatic investment, and entered the red pulp - name refers to the "brush-like" appearance of the multiple arteriolar branches |
|
|
Fxns of spleen
|
store RBC's, immune defense, filter blood.
|
|
|
MALT
|
Mucous associated lymphoid tissue; uncapsulated; lie near mucous membranes, defensive (tonsils, peyers patches, cloacal bursa)
|
