Histology: Microscopy And The Cell

Front 1

What are the three steps involved in preparing a specimen for microscopic analysis?

Back 1

- Fixation
- Embedding
- Staining

Front 2

What is the purpose of fixation?

Back 2

- preserves the sample
- kills bacteria and other infective agents
- increases hardness of tissue

Front 3

What fixative agent is most commonly used for light microscopy and immunocytochemistry?

Back 3

4-10% formaldehyde

Front 4

What fixative agent is most commonly used for electron microscopy?

Back 4

2% glutaraldehyde

Front 5

What is the purpose of embedding a tissue?

Back 5

Need to embed tissues to allow cuts to be made - infiltrate the tissue with a solidifying material

Front 6

Paraffin – wax-like embedding medium – allows tissues
to be cut in:

a) 4-15 nm thickness
b) 4-15 um thickness
c) 5-8 nm thickness
d) 5-8 um thickness

Back 6

b

Front 7

The best way to avoid a large amount of artifact in your tissue sample during embedding is:

a) Use an epoxy based resin (plastic embedding medium)
b) Use cryosections of the tissue
c) Use a paraffin based resin
d) Can't avoid this

Back 7

b

Front 8

Which of the following is true regarding acidic dyes?

a) Carry a net positive charge on the coloured portion
b) Specific in regard to reaction
c) basophilia refers to the cationic groups with the acidic dye
d) Orange G is an example of an acidic dye

Back 8

d

Front 9

All of the following are examples of basic dyes except:

a) Methylene Blue
b) Aniline Blue
c) Toluidine Blue
d) Methyl Green

Back 9

b

Front 10

T of F:

Haematoxylin & Eosin stain areas of high DNA/RNA content red, and cytoplasm bue.

Back 10

F - opposite

Front 11

Regarding the trichrome stain:

Nuclei are stained ______
Cytoplasm is stained _______
and collagen is stained _______

Back 11

blue
red
green

Front 12

A schiff stain will stain _______ red.

Back 12

carbohydrates
ex - cartilage and mucin in goblet cells, basement membranes

Front 13

Which statement is false?

a) Alcian blue is a mucin stain used in conjunction with H&E.
b) Aniline Blue demonstrates great detail especially in regard to epithelium.
c) Alcian Blue is a mucin stain used in conjunction with a Schiff stain.
d) Pyronin G is a basic dye.

Back 13

c

Front 14

In regard to immunocytochemistry:

a) direct immunofluorescence corresponds with low intensity signal emission
b) indirect immunofluorescence corresponds with low intensity signal emission
c) direct immunofluorescence is time consuming and expensive
d) none of the above are true
e) only A and C are true

Back 14

a

Front 15

What are some limitations in regard to light microscopy?

Back 15

- specimen must be stained
- specimen must be thin enough to allow light to pass through
- methodology, equipment, chemicals used and carelessness can all cause artifacts in the specimen

Front 16

Electron Microscopy:

a) allows for a three dimensional representation of the specimen
b) requires a light source
c) increases resolution by a factor of 1000
d) areas which have absorbed or scattered electrons appear white

Back 16

c

Front 17

Which type of microscope allows three dimensional view of specimen?

Back 17

confocal

Front 18

What is the purpose of a pinhole? Which type of microscope is it used in?

Back 18

purpose - only allows parallel light rays to pass through
used in confocal microscope

Front 19

T or F:

A confocal microscope can be used to image a live or fixed specimen.

Back 19

T

Front 20

Which type of microscope uses changes in refractive index to image unstained specimens?

Back 20

phase contrast

Front 21

T or F:

a denser area = higher refractive index

Back 21

T

Front 22

What two types of microscopes can be used to image live cells?

Back 22

CONFOCAL
Phase Contrat

Front 23

Which type of microscope has a FOV of a black background with bright reflective particles scattered throughout?

Back 23

Dark field

Front 24

How are organelles classified?

Back 24

Membraneous or Non-Membraneous

Front 25

What are some examples of non-membraneous organelles?

Back 25

microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments, ribosomes, basal bodies, centrioles

Front 26

What are some examples of membraneous organelles?

Back 26

lysosome, Golgi, RER, SER, mitochondrion, peroxisome, plasma membrane

Front 27

Which statemnt is false regarding membrane proteins?
a) There are six types
b) Pumps often form junctions with other cells
c) Linkers anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the ECM
d) Receptors, channels and enzymes are all examples of membrane proteins

Back 27

b

Front 28

T or F:

Carrier Proteins allow both active and passive transport via conformational change

Back 28

T

Front 29

The Na+/K+ pump uses what type of membrane protein

Back 29

carrier proteins

Front 30

Which statement is false regarding channel proteins?

a) create hydrophobic channels
b) can transport small H2O molecules
c) Voltage-gated ion channels are an example
d) They are ion selective

Back 30

a
they create hydrophilic channels

Front 31

Endocytosis is a type of __________ transport for _________ molecules.

a) active; small
b) vesicular; small
c) active; large
d) vesicular; large

Back 31

d

Front 32

What are the three mechanisms for endocytosis?

Back 32

receptor mediated
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

Front 33

What are the two pathways for exocytosis?

Back 33

Constituted and regulated secretory

Front 34

What are endosomes?

Back 34

Diffeer in theeir loca a o , ocalization,
morphology, state of
acidification and function
Package Package and and sort sort proteins proteins
for late endosomes or
recycling
Late (internal) endosomes: lysosome

Front 35

Which organelle is involved in the degradation of internal and external macromolecules?
a) RER
b) Golgi
c) lysozyme
d) lysosome

Back 35

d

Front 36

The protein synthesis system is comprised by the _____ and the _______.

a) SER; tRNA
b) RER; tRNA
c) RER; ribosome
d) SER; Golgi

Back 36

c

Front 37

SER is known as ___________ in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Back 37

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

In what organ would you expect to find a very well developed SER?

Back 38

liver

Front 39

Post translational modification occurs by what organelle

Back 39

golgi

Front 40

Which organelle is related to the symbiotic theory of a prokaryote being engulfed by a eukaryotic cell?

Back 40

mitochondrion

Front 41

Mitochondria are present in all cells except?

Back 41

RBSc
keratinocytes

Front 42

Where is ATP produced in the mitochondrion?

Back 42

intermembrane space

Front 43

Mitochondrial matrix is the site of the

Back 43

Kreb's Cycle

Front 44

Peroxisomes produce

Back 44

H2O2

Front 45

Microtubules are:

a)made of α‐ and β‐tubulin
anchored to a central γ‐tubulin in the MTOC
b) Branch out from the nucleolus
c) Hollow tubes that are soft and non‐branching branching
d) assemble and disassemble slowly

Back 45

a

Front 46

Actin filaments are:

a) Dense and thick
b) Thin and short
c) Associate with melanin to generate contractions
d) Assemble slowly

Back 46

b

Front 47

Intermediate filaments:

a) are larger than actin filaments
b) have a helical structure/backbone
c) are thin and short
d) have a central rod‐shaped domain with globular end domains

Back 47

d

Front 48

Basal bodies are derived from ________.

a) lysosomes
b) mitochondria
c) centrioles
d) centromeres

Back 48

c