Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
stems cells undergo
|
differentiation and duplication
|
|
|
if stems cells can differentiate into multiple types of mature blood cells, then the it is described as
|
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
|
|
|
differentiate only into a single end-cell type
|
unipotential stem cells
or committed stem cells |
|
|
visual identification of stems cells require microscopist to rely on
|
size , shape, staining properties, nuclear configuration and chromatin patterns
|
|
|
stem cells are detected and their several categories are distinguished by testing their developmental potential in an
|
vivo or invitro assay system
|
|
|
the assay detects a broad class of stem cells designated
|
colony forming unit spleen (CFUS)
|
|
|
two or more blood cell types
|
pluripotential stem cells
|
|
|
colony forming unit erythroid (CFUE)
|
unipotential stem cells
|
|
|
megakaryocyte lineage (CFUM)
|
unipotential stem cells
|
|
|
process of blood cell formation
|
hemopoiesis
|
|
|
the principal hemopoietic tissue in adult mammal is the
|
bone marrow (erythrocyte, platelets, granular leukocytes)
|
|
|
two types of marrow
|
red and yellow
|
|
|
lymphoid elements
|
refer to mononuclear leukocytes
|
|
|
myeloid elements
|
refer to all other blood cells
|
|
|
myeloid element (bone marrow or blood cell formation deriving from bone marrow)
|
myelopoeisis
|
|
|
Non-granular leukocyte (monocyte and lymphocyte) are produced (lymphopoiesis) in the
|
lymphoid organs or bone marrow,
|
|
|
the unitarian and monophyletic theory holds that all blood cells arise from a common stem cell
|
hemocytoblast
|
|
|
the dualistic or diphyletic theory
|
Agranular = lymphocyte and monocyte
Granular = neutrophil, basophil, eusophil |
|
|
polyphyletic
|
each type of blood cell has its own primitive stem cell.
|
|
|
Unitarian is most widely accepted because of
|
autoradiography and chromosome markers
|
|
|
3 phases of hemopoiesis
|
1. yolk sac
2. liver and spleen 3. bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes |
|
|
Mesenchyme
|
Mesoderm
|
|
|
Ratio of cells to fiber that compose interstitial matrix
|
determining cells
|
|
|
ameboid movement, nucleus present, Granular vs Agranular
|
WBC
|
|
|
mononucleated
|
monocyte, lymphocyte
|
|
|
phagocytic to bacterial and particle matter
|
neutrophil
|
|
|
phagocytic antibody-antigen complex
|
eusophils
|
|
|
WBC with no particular function
|
Basophils
|
|
|
"Wandering cell"
|
mast cell, WBC's and plasma cells
|
|
|
"Fixed Cell"
|
fibroblast and fibrocyte
|
|
|
largest of WBC, mononucleuated
|
monocyte
|
|
|
small of WBC, mononucleated
|
lymphocyte
|
|
|
reticular endothelial, whose function is phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, develop antibody by attaching to antigen
|
monocyte
|
|
|
do not pass through thymus but go directly to the lymphoid tissue via blood stream, only survive days to weeks when antigens are present
|
B Lymphocytes
|
|
|
"anti-virus cell"
|
Natural Killer cells
|
|
|
proliferation via mitosis, develop in bone marrow and then sent to thymus (stem cells recycling themselves) "memory cells" recognize previous antigens; travel to lymphoid organs and peripheral organs, where they live for months to years
|
T Lymphocytes
|
|
|
function is coagulation
|
platelets
|
|
|
neutrophils are phagocytic to
|
bacteria and particular matter
|
|
|
eosinophils phagocytize
|
antibody-antigen complexes during allergic or parasitic infestation
|
|
|
BASOPHILS function is unclear but have CHEMOTACTIC
|
histamine - vaso dialator
heparin - anti-coagulant serotonin - vaso-constictor |
|
|
play defensive role in phagocytosis and intracellular digestion
|
monocyte
|
|
|
essential for processing of antigen prior to development of antibodies
|
monocyte
|
|
|
Susceptible to certain drugs
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
Rest spot and origin?
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
develop in bone marrow , then sent to thymus for maturation and proliferation (mitosis)
|
T cell Lymphocytes
|
|
|
go to peripheral lymphoid organs , where they live for months to years and provide additional stimulus to B-cells for the production of antibodies
|
T cell lymphocytes
|
|
|
do not pass through thymus, but go directly to lymphoid tissue via blood stream
|
B - Lymphocyte
|
|
|
These survive only a few days to a week
|
B - Lymphocyte
|
|
|
when antigens are present in the body, ______ differentiate into plasma cells which synthesize antibodies
|
B - Lymphocyte
|
|
|
Platelets and tissue cells need this enzyme to initiate blood clotting
|
thromboplastin
|
|
|
the addition of calcium in prothrombin yields
|
thrombin (enz)
|
|
|
thrombin activates fibrinogen (blood protein) to
|
fibrin (clot)
|
|
|
all CTP cells can be distinguished by the
|
cell to fiber ratio and the density of the interstitial matrix
|
|
|
3 types of fibers in connective tissue
|
Elastic, Reticular and Collagen
|
|
|
3 types of fibers can be differentiated by two categories
|
1. appearance
2. chemical reactions |
|
|
most common type of connective fibers, run in all directions, occur in ALL C.T. and possess tensile strength
|
White fibers or collagenous
|
|
|
can be dissolved by a weak acid and when boiled, yields a gelatin substance
|
collagenous or white fibers
|
|
|
composed of macromolecules such as Tropocollagens
|
Fibrils
|
|
|
similar to collagen except finer in caliber, have less than affinity for acid dyes, dyes better with SILVER NITRATE = Argyrophilic, and if boiled, yield reticulum
|
Reticular
|
|
|
Silver Nitrate = Argyryophilic in
|
Reticular
|
|
|
Usually thinner than collagen fibers, and consist of macropolysaccharide and protein refered to as ELASTIN
|
Elastic
|
|
|
Consists of two components; amorphous homogeneous gel (Elastin) and Fibrolar (Mirofibrils = 110 diameter)
|
Elastic
|
|
|
Loose CTP aka _____ is located in hypodermis (all 3 fiber types)
|
Areolar
|
|
|
CTP is made up of
|
fibroblasts
|
|
|
most numerous fiber
|
collagen
|
|
|
fibers that are present and visible
|
elastic (reticular must have SILVER NITRATE)
|
|
|
Fibrocytes = produce fiber and ground matrix
Adipose cells may be present, bounded by reticular fibers histocytes (macrophages) may also be wandering cells |
Fixed Cells
|
|
|
WBC's and plasms cells from blood
Mast Cells (histamine = vasodilator ) ( heparin = anticoagulant ) ( serotonin = vasoconstrictor) |
Wandering Cells
|
|
|
CTP Cells are located in
|
mesentaries, omenta and hypodermis
|
|
|
random arrangement of collagen fibers, fibrocytes visible, and forms the dermis
|
Dense IRREGULAR CTP
|
|
|
collagen fibers found in dense, PARALLEL bundles, fibrocytes visible as thin purple streaks, and give tensile strength to resist pulling
|
Dense Regular CTP
|
|
|
Dense Regular CTP location
|
Tendons (more regular) and Ligaments
|
|
|
CTP with special properties
|
Reticular CTP, Adipose CTP and Yellow Elastic CTP
|
|
|
No fibrocytes visible, Found in lymphatic system, spleen , sinusoids of liver, and bone marrow. "Branching" patterns , red and white pulp cells visible, function is immunity
|
Reticular CTP ( SILVER NITRATE = Argryophilic)
|
|
|
most resilant fiber type
|
reticular CTP
|
|
|
regular arranged cells with boundaries of reticular fibers that are found just about anywhere but the brain, function is energy storage and protection
|
Adipose CTP
|
|
|
Pus like, elastic fibers greatest in number, pink collagen fibers in background ; Locations include ligamentum nuchae ,ligamentum flava and large arteries and bronchi and trachea; coiled spring-like appearance fibers that are shiny yellow
|
yellow elastic CTP
|
|
|
process of preserving protoplasm with the least alteration from the living state
|
1. Fixation
|
|
|
process of infiltrating tissue with an embedding agent
|
2. embedding
|
|
|
removal of dehydrating solution - replace with substance that is miscible with both dehydrating agent and embedding medium
|
Cleared
|
|
|
paraffin and celloidin
|
infiltration
|
|
|
histologist prefers to examine tissue that has not been fixed or dehydrated, so they use _____
|
freeze-drying method
|
|
|
process of slicing tissue embedded in paraffin into very thin parts
|
3. sectioning
|
|
|
process of enhancing natural contrast and making more evident various cell and tissue components
|
4. staining
|
|
|
three elements common to all types of CT
|
1. Cells
2. Fibers 3. Matrix |
|
|
responsible for synthesis of both fiber and ground substance
|
Fixed Cells
|
|
|
these move in and out of the CT via ground substances; the function is to remove debris after tissue injury and it is the first line of defense against invasion of micro organisms
|
Wandering Cells
|
|
|
Tissue age, tissue repair, tissue growth, and inflammatory response
|
Factors that influence combination of cells found in tissue samples
|
|
|
look like nerve cells, common in all types of CT, shape depends on physical state
|
Fibroblast (fixed)
|
|
|
Resting Fibroblast
|
Resting - small nucleus
|
|
|
Active Fibroblast
|
Active - entire cell enlarged
|
|
|
Secrete a glycoprotein and a muscopolysaccharide- basis of ground substance
|
Fibroblast
|
|
|
what demonstrates the ability of CT to repair
|
Mesenchymal cells also will produce collagen - quantity will increase to such a degree that scar tissue is formed
|
|
|
in injury new fibroblasts are recruited from an undifferentiated _____ cell
|
mesenchyme
|
|
|
Population of fibroblasts are ______ permanent
|
not permanent
|
|
|
cells migrate to site of injury and divide in preparation for wound repair
|
fibroblasts
|
|
|
smaller than fibroblasts, believed to be a primitive cell. Stimulation with toxins, believed to be a pre-cursor of adipose tissue
|
mesenchymal cells
|
|
|
can occur singularly or in groups; when adipose cells predominate over fiber and ground substance; function is the storage of nutrients in the form of triglycerides
|
adipose cells
|
|
|
5 steps of preparation of tissue in order
|
1. Fixation
2. Embedding 3. Sectioning 4. Staining (xylol and Touluol) 5. Mounting |
|
|
Three elements common to all types of C.T.
|
Cell, Fibers and Matrix
|
|
|
macrophages AKA histocytes
|
specialize in phagocytosis; majority are in stationary (can detach and become mobile)
|
|
|
Mononuclear Wandering Cell
|
Neutrophil, basophil, eusophil, monocyte, lymphocytes ; Plasma Cell ; Mast cell
|
|
|
resistance to disease is primary function - produce antibodies; cells that differentiate from lymphocytes and migrate from blood
|
Plasma cells
|
|
|
cannot see nucleus, large round cells that with pale nuclei, size and shape varies
|
Mast Cells (heparin, serotonin, histamine)
|
|
|
includes pleura , peritoneum and pericardium
|
serous membrane
|
|
|
thin layers of loosely arrange CT covered by a layer of flat mesothelial cells
|
serous membrane
|
|
|
differs from loose CT in a greater abundance of fiber dominating the cellular amorphous components
|
Dense CT
|
|
|
Fiber bundles are randomly arranged; located in dermis, beneath epithelium in parts of urinary tract
|
Dense Irregular CT
|
|
|
Fibers arranged in parallel manner; location is tendons and ligaments
|
Dense Regular CT
|
|
|
Mucous CT, Elastic CT, Reticular CT
|
CT with special properties
|
|
|
tissues primarily formed in embryo mesenchymal cell; located inu vitreous humor of eye and umbilical cord ( Whartons Jelly)
|
Mucous CT
|
|
|
elastic fibers dominate and collagen fibers are scarce. Located in abdomen wall and walls of hollow organs on which changing pressure acts from within
|
Elastic CT
|
|
|
Most resistant CT element (argyrophilic - affinity for silver nitrate)
|
Reticular CT
|
|
|
Which CT function provides mechanical support
|
elastic and reticular
|
|
|
CT function is the exchange of metabolites
|
Blood - wandering cells
|
|
|
CT function is storage of energy reserve
|
adipose tissue
|
|
|
CT function is to provide protection against infection
|
macrophage
|
|
|
CT function is repair after injury
|
fibroblasts
|
|
|
no nerves or blood vessels; cells are chondrocytes; matrix is important supplier of nutrients to the cells
|
cartilage
|
|
|
3 types of cartilage
|
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
|
|
|
semi-transparent tissue with bluish-gray tint; Interstitial and Appositional Growth; Location includes trachael and larynx, ventral ends of ribs, joint surfaces of bones
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
yellowish in color; more flexible; interstitial growth with a great deal of branching; Location is external ear and epiglottis
|
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
dense collagenous fibers embedded in matrix; Location is IVD , pubic symphisis and ligamentum teres femorus ( NO APPOSITIONAL GROWTH) absence of PERICHONDRIUM
|
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
physiological loss of bone
|
atrophy
|
|
|
physiological gain of bone
|
hypertrophy
|
|
|
spongy bone aka
|
cancellous (spaces are large and visible)
|
|
|
porous, spaces are small in diameter
|
compact bone
|
|
|
epiphysis and diaphysis are separated by epiphyseal plate which is
|
cartilagenous metaphysis
|
|
|
layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
|
articular surfaces
|
|
|
periosteum
|
layer of special CT having osteogenic potency (form bone) but no where articular surfaces are located
|
|
|
bone matrix aka
|
lamella
|
|
|
bone cavities filled by long cells
|
lacunae
|
|
|
branching tubular passage of lacunae; deposition of calcium salts reduces permeability, but _______ provide nourishment by providing exchange of metabolites between cells and nearest perivascular space
|
canniculi
|
|
|
3 patters of compact bone in lamellae
|
1. osteon
2. insterstitial system 3. outer and intercircumferential laminae |
|
|
vascular Osteon or (haversian system)
|
longitudinal
|
|
|
vascular Volkman's canal (perforating)
|
transverse or oblique
|
|
|
composed of lamellae with lacunae embedded in the interstitial substance
|
spongy bone
|
|
|
trabeculae thin and usually not penetrated by blood vessels; (no osteons) (diffusion of free endosteal surface via network of canniculli
|
spongy bone
|
|
|
inner layer of bone forming cells (osteoblasts) in direct contact with bone (cambium layer)
|
Inner layer of periosteum
|
|
|
Osteoblasts revert to resting form - osteoprogenitor cells in
|
Inner layer of periosteum
|
|
|
inner layer of bone where injury reactivated to osteoblasts
|
inner layer of periosteum
|
