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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what's the tunica albuginea?
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collagenous capsule
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what are the parts of testis?
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tunica albuginea
conn tissue septae mediastinum testis seminiferous tubules |
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what divides testis into lobules?
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conn tissue septae
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what's the mediastinum testis?
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testis hilus
access points of vessels, nerves, lymphatics, efferent duct |
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where are seminiferous tubules?
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each lobule has one to several highly coiled seminiferous tubules
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what are seminiferous tubules?
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blind ended tubules lined by spermatogenic epithelium
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what's in the tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules?
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outer wall of tubule
smooth muscle fibroblasts |
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what kind of epithelium is seminiferous epithelium?
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"stratified"
glandular |
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what's the func of seminiferous epithelium?
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sperm production
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describe spermatogonia
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type A and B
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what is type A spermatogonia?
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renewable stem cells
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what is type B spermatogonia?
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progenitor cells (highly mitotic)
differentiate to become primary spermatocytes |
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what do spermatogonia mature to?
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mature spermatozoa
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how long does it take spermatogonia to mature?
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~60-70 days
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which spermatogonia type stays connected? describe in detail.
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type B
clusters stay conn via cytoplasmic bridges -interconnections persist thru maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa - these connections help synchronize differentiation |
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how many lobules in tunica albuginea?
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~250
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are testes and epididymus separate organs?
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yes-- connect via efferent ductules
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what role can smooth muscle in seminiferous tubule serve?
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helps w/ fluid transport
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what cells are in seminiferous epithelium?
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made up of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and Sertoli cells
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what cells are a source of testosterone?
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Leydig cells
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in process of sperm maturation, what transition do dramatic changes happen in?
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spermatid --> spermatozoa
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which cell makes one of itself and differentiates?
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type A spermatogonia
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what is the complete sperm maturation process?
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type A spermatogonia -->
type B spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes --> secondary spermatocytes --> spermatids --> spermatozoa |
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which are the mitosis divisions in the maturation process?
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type A spermatogonia -->
type B spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes |
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what is the meiosis I division in maturation?
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primary spermatocytes -->
secondary spermatocytes |
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what is the meiosis II division in maturation?
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secondary spermatocytes -->
spermatids |
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which stages make up spermatocytogenesis?
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spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes |
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what are stages of spermiogenesis?
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spermatids
spermatozoa sperm |
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how long do primary spermatocytes sit in prophase of meiosis I?
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~20 days
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why is it bad that spermatocytes are around that long in prophase of meiosis I?
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susceptible to insult : temperature, radiation, toxic compound
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how do you know if primary spermatocyte has likely been injured by something?
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if spermatic epithelium has been impacted
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how long do secondary spermatocytes sit in prophase of meiosis II?
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short time! very fast division
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what are the phases of spermiogenesis?
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Golgi phase
acrosomal phase maturation phase |
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what n is primary spermatocyte in prophase?
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4N
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what n are secondary spermatocytes?
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2N
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what n are spermatids?
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N
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which division is there no DNA synthesis in?
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meiosis II
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what happens in the Golgi phase?
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organelle polarization
• hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. hyaluronidase,trypsin-like protease) accumulate in acrosomal vesicle • centrioles migrate opposite to acrosomal vesicle |
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what happens in acrosomal phase?
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development of acrosomal cap
• acrosomal cap flattens and spreads • cell rotates so centrioles face lumen, axoneme outgrowth begins |
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what happens in maturation phase?
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apparatus for motility
gains capacity to fertilize • residual body is shed, sperm released into lumen • morphologic development is not complete, sperm are not motile, incapable of fertilization |
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what happens to left over cytoplasm from spermiogenesis differentiation?
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Sertoli cells eat it
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if spermatozoa in seminiferous tubule, can it fertilize?
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no
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when spermatozoa in epididymus, can it fertilize?
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yes!
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describe Sertoli cell:
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tall columnar epithelial cell
large euchromatic nucleus (commonly indented) lots of eosinophilic cytoplasm |
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when does Sertoli cell become non-mitotic?
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puberty.. decrease in fertility when it becomes non-mitotic
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what are the Sertoli functions?
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-supports spermatid production and spermiogenesis
-has close phys association w/ spermatocytes and spermatids -Sertoli-Sertoli gap junctions contribute to spermatogenic cycle |
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how many days from spermatogonium to sperm?
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~70 days
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what's the spermatogenic cycle?
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asynchrous cycle of seminiferous epithelium
Sertoli cell conditions microenvironment of seminiferous epithelium and promotes differentiation Junctional complex (tight juncs and gap juncs) helps sertoli cells communicate Timing of cycle is different in different places in male parts so there’s constantly a source of sperm being produced |
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why is there a blood testis barrier?
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to prevent immunoglobulins from entering lumen of seminiferous tubule
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what is blood-testis barrier?
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specialization of seminiferous tubule
-made by Sertoli cell tight junctions |
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Describe testicular capillaries:
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fenestrated
limited to no barrier func |
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where are Sertoli cell tight juncs:
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on luminal side of spermatogonia
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what is Sertoli cell tight junc func?
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compartmentalizes seminiferous epithelium
-basal and adluminal compartments -position of gap juncs that help cells communicate with one another so timing of spermatic cycle is same b/w adjacent sertoli cells |
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what happens if Sertoli cell tight junc isn't there?
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without this barrier, cells of the luminal (adluminal) compartment may sometimes be recognized as non-self, contributing to infertility
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what lives in basal compartment?
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spermatogonia
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what lives in adluminal compartment?
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everything besides spermatogonia
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where are tight juncs in relation to sperm?
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luminal to spermatogonia
on basal side for spermatocytes |
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what regulates Sertoli cell?
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FSH and testosterone
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what cell makes hormones that target Sertoli?
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leydig
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what's most of fluid in seminiferous lumen?
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Sertoli cells
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what does Sertoli cell make?
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tubular fluid
androgen binding protein inhibin and activin |
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what's androgen binding protein?
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carrier molecule for testosterone
concentrates testosterone in lumen |
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what is inhibin?
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-peptide hormone made by Sertoli cell
-negative feedback on FSH release from Sertoli |
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what hormone is Sertoli cell stimulated by?
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FSH
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what is activin?
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-protein made by Sertoli cell
-positive Sertoli feedback on FSH release at anterior pituitary |
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what's most of fluid in seminiferous lumen?
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Sertoli cells
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what does Sertoli cell make?
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tubular fluid
androgen binding protein inhibin and activin |
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what's androgen binding protein?
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carrier molecule for testosterone
concentrates testosterone in lumen |
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what is inhibin?
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peptide hormone made by Sertoli cell
negative Sertoli feedback on FSH release -acts on anterior pituitary |
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what hormone is Sertoli cell stimulated by?
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FSH
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what cells are phagocytic? eats what?
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Sertoli
-degrades damaged cells -degrades spermatid residual bodies |
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Leydig carry out negative feedback for what? on who?
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on hypothalamus for androgen
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what are the interstitial cells of Leydig?
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clusters of eosinophilic cells in peritubular interstitium
-make testosterone that diffuses out of cell in response to LH |
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morphology of steroid secretory cells of Leydig?
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lots of smooth ER
mitochondria w/ tubular cristae no secretory granules crystalline inclusions (see w/ TEM) |
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what's another name for LH?
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= ICSH interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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what's Leydig cell activity?
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-transiently active during fetal period (need to develop male gonad)
-func reinitiated @ puberty (promotes appearance of secondary sex char) |
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what does Leydig have neg feedback on? for what?
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neg feedback on pituitary for testosterone
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the incredible journey thru the male reproductive tract!
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seminiferous tubule --> tubuli recti (straight tubules) --> rete testis --> efferent ductules --> epididymal duct --> ductus deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> prostatic urethra --> membranous urethra --> penile urethra
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describe straight tubule:
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tubuli recti
-short segment -contrib to tubular fluid -simple cuboidal --> columnar -has lots of Sertoli cells |
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describe rete testis:
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-elaborate network of channels near testis mediastinum
-contrib to tubular fluid -irreg epithelium: squamous, cuboidal, columnar -fibromuscular stroma |
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Describe efferent ductule:
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irreg epithelium:
-ciliated pseudostratified -clusters of tall, ciliated cells sep by short cells *only ciliated cells in male tract -short cells are absorptive |
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what cells line epithelium of straight tubule?
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Sertoli cells
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where are there lots of stereocilia?
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ductus epididymus
(epididymus' duct) |
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what's epididymus?
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organ
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what's epididymus cell type?
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-stereocilia -principle and basal cells |
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what's the function of the ductus epididymus?
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-absorbs 90% tubular fluid
-secretes factors that promote sperm maturation, capacitation -phagocytosis some cytoplasmic debris |
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where does muscle begin in male reproductive tract?
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ductus epididymus:
smooth muscle -thickens towards ductus deferens -head: inner, circular layer -tail: inner circular, outer longitudinal |
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what's another name for ductus deferens?
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vas deferens
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describe ductus deferens location:
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runs w/ spermatic cord, crosses body wall
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what type of epithelium for ductus deferens:
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia
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what are 2 places w/ muscle in male reproductive area?
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ductus epididymus
ductus deferens |
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describe smooth muscle in ductus deferens:
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thick muscularis:
inner- longitudinal middle-circular outer- longitudinal *lots of sympathetic innervation! |
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where is ejaculatory duct?
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at junc of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle
-paired ducts enter prostate @ colliculus seminalis |
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where is membranous urethra?
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traverses muscular urogenital diaphragm
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what type of epithelium does membranous urethra have?
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pseudostratified --> stratified columnar
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where's penile urethra?
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runs w/ corpus spongiosum of penis
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what type of epithelium for penile urethra?
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pseudostratified --> stratified columnar
*stratified squamous near distal tip |
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what are urethral glands?
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clusters of mucous cells in mucosa of penile urethra
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how do spermatozoa differentiate in ductus epididymus?
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Epithelium also making things deposited that condition env in ductus epididymus to promote continued and final differentiation of spermatozoa
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func of principle and basal cells of ductus epididymus:
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Principle:
-absorptive -secretory Basal: -regenerative |
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is muscularis more prominent in head or tail of ductus epididymus?
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tail
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where are seminal vesicles?
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junc of ductus deferens & prostate
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describe seminal vesicle epithelium:
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pseudostratified columnar
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describe seminal vesicles:
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-paired, blind ending pouches
-height and activity is testosterone dependent -mucosal arches -makes viscous mucoid secretion |
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what are mucosal arches?
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highly folded, convoluted wall
in seminal vesicle |
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where are seminal vesicles?
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junc of ductus deferens & prostate
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describe seminal vesicle epithelium:
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pseudostratified columnar
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describe seminal vesicles:
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-paired, blind ending pouches
-height and activity is testosterone dependent -mucosal arches -makes viscous mucoid secretion |
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what are mucosal arches?
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highly folded, convoluted wall
part of seminal vesicles |
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describe viscous mucoid secretion in seminal vesicles:
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60% ejaculate volume
rich in fructose and prostaglandins |
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why does seminal vesicle release fructose?
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so spermatozoa have food in female tract
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where's prostate?
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surrounds urethra at base of bladder
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describe prostate:
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-compound tubulo-alveolar gland
-lots of branching ducts open into prostatic urethra -corpora amylacea -prostate secretory prod -very thick fibromuscular stroma -glandular epithelium |
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what type of glandular epithelium of prostate?
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irregular:
pseudostratified --> simple columnar |
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what's corpora amylacea?
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eosinophilic glycoprotein rich concretions in lumen of glands
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what's the prostate secretory prod?
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watery, slightly acidic
factors (like Zn) inactivate macs fibrinolysin inhibits clot formation ( so spermatozoa can swim! ) |
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what are the 3 regions of prostate glands?
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periurethral mucosal glands
• periurethral submucosal glands • peripheral glands (main glands) |
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which glands surround urethra and are involved in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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periurethral submucosal glands
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what's prostate proper?
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peripheral glands
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what's commonly involved in prostate cancer?
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peripheral glands
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what's the prostate secretory prod?
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watery, slightly acidic
factors (like Zn) inactivate macs fibrinolysin inhibits clot formation ( so spermatozoa can swim! ) |
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what are the 3 regions of prostate glands?
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periurethral mucosal glands
• periurethral submucosal glands • peripheral glands (main glands) |
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which glands surround urethra and are involved in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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periurethral submucosal glands
periurethral mucosal glands |
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what's prostate proper?
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peripheral glands
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what's commonly involved in prostate cancer?
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peripheral glands
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what glands immediately surround urethra?
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periurethral mucosal glands
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which prostate glands proliferate w/ age?
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periurethral submucosal glands
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what 2 biochemical markers are used for diagnosis of prostate cancer?
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-prostatic acid phosphatase
-prostate specific antigen |
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what are bulbourethral glands?
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paired glands
@ junc of membranous and penile urethra makes clear, viscous pre-ejaculatory fluid |
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sequence of events in ejaculation:
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1) bulbourethral glands discharge
2) prostate releases contents 3) ductus deferens 4) seminal vesicle discharges contents |
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what happens when bulbourethral glands discharge?
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secretion lubricates penile urethra
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what happens when prostate releases contents?
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-contraction w/i fibromuscular stroma
-products condition vaginal env |
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what happens w/ dutus deferens' role in ejaculation?
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stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
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what happens when seminal vesicle discharges contents?
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fluid clears urethra
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what are the erectile bodies?
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-paired corpus cavernosum
-single corpus spongiosum (surr penile urethra) |
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what's tunica albuginea?
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dense conn tissue that surrounds corpora cavernosa
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describe venous channels for erectile bodies?
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all erectile bodies made up of irreg venous channels
-lined by complete epithelium -separated by collagenous trabeculae |
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what arteries supply corpus cavernosa?
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deep arteries: run in center of corpora, branch to give nutrient and helicine arteries
helicine arteries: empty into venous channels |
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what nevous activity stim vasodilation?
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parasympathetic activity
*venous drainage can't accommodate inc blood flow |
