Histology Lecture 2

Front 1

Copying DNA – nucleus

Back 1

Replication

Front 2

Making an RNA complement of DNA – nucleus

Back 2

Transcription

Front 3

Making a protein from the RNA code – cytoplasm

Back 3

Translation

Front 4

“true nucleus”

Back 4

Eukaryotic

Front 5

Contains a nuclear envelope, nuclear skeleton, chromatin, and nucleolus. Largest discrete organelle

Back 5

Nucleus

Front 6

Includes all the membrane limited components, the microtrabecular network, and the cytosol

Back 6

Cytoplasm

Front 7

Classification of chromosomes

Back 7

Karyotype

Front 8

Outer limiting membrane of the eukaryotic cell and consists of a lipid bilayer with special proteins embedded in it and carbohydrates associated with it. Have a trilaminar structure about 7.5-10 nm thick. Compartmentalizes the cell—increased efficiency, decreased hazard, regulation of processes

Back 8

Plasma membrane

Front 9

Powerhouses of the cell which generate ATP and CO2 and H2O. Contain cristae to increase surface area. 0.5-1.0 µm in width.

Back 9

Mitochondria

Front 10

Produces steroids and consists of membraneous sheets that form tubular networks. Also involved in glycogen breakdown and mobilization, and regulator of muscles contraction (in muscle). Involved in synthesis of components of membranes—phospholipid

Back 10

sER

Front 11

Interlacing network of membraneous sheets that form cisternae with a service studded with ribosomes. It is involved in protein synthesis and secretion of those proteins.

Back 11

rER

Front 12

Consists of flattened saccules and associated vesicles. Has a cis side closest to RER and a trans side toward apex of cell. Contains secretory granules for transport of hormones and enzymes, and pigment granules (melanin granules). Fxns in carbohydrate hydrolysis, terminal glycosylation, phosphorylation and sulfination, initial proteolysis, and protein sorting.

Back 12

Golgi Complex

Front 13

Membrane-bound organelles containing acid hydrolases and are involved in hydrolytic degradation of endocytosed material.

Back 13

Lysosomes

Front 14

Membrane-bound organelles that are smaller in diameter than mitochondria. Contain enzyme systems for the beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids, D- and L- amino acid oxidases and catalase which degrades peroxide to hydrogen and water.

Back 14

Peroxisomes

Front 15

Found in cells that store a product until its release is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal, or neural message. Surrounded by membrane and contain a concentrated form of the secretory product. (heparin and histamine)

Goblet cell – lines small intestine or respiratory tract and secrete mucous

Back 15

Secretory granules

Front 16

Made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Contribute to the internal support and scaffolding of the cell

Back 16

Cytoskeleton (microtrabecular network)

Front 17

Made up of tubulin and MAPs (microtubule-associated proteins)-protect microtubules from disassembly, inhibit tubulin dissociation and link adjacent microtubules and other cellular structures. MTs are in a constant state of polymerization-depolymerization. Roughly 25 nm with hollow core with subunits of tubulin molecules arranged in a helical profile of 13 subunits.

Back 17

Microtubules

Front 18

Made of actin and are located in the core of microvilli to provide stability by inserting in the terminal web

Back 18

Microfilaments

Front 19

Component of cytoskeleton

Back 19

Intermediate filaments

Front 20

Contain a core of microfilaments which measure 5 nm in diameter and made of actin. Involved in exocytosis, endocytosis, and movement of subcellular organelles within the cytoplasm

Back 20

Microvilli

Front 21

Larger than microvilli, made of microtubules with tubulin. Have basal bodies at their base. Nine microtubular doublets arranged around central pair of microtubules (axoneme arrangement) with the 9 plus 2 arrangement.

Back 21

Cilia

Front 22

Reside near the nucleus and organize the microtubules

Back 22

Centriole

Front 23

Component of microfilaments

Back 23

Actin

Front 24

Component of microtubules

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Tubulin

Front 25

A type of intermediate filament within muscle cells

Back 25

Desmin

Front 26

A type of intermediate filament within mesenchymal cells

Back 26

Vimentin

Front 27

A type of intermediate filament within epithelial cells

Back 27

Cytokeratin

Front 28

A type of intermediate filament within nuerons

Back 28

Nuerofilaments