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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GI tract organization outward in (9)
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Adventitia (in absence of mesentary)
Serosa (epithelium + adventitia Mesentery Muscularis externa Submuca Mucosa: Muscularis mucosa Lamina propria Inner epithelium |
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GI submucosa (4 (5) features)
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CT, blood vessels, parasympathetic ganglia, lymphatics (submucosal glands sometimes)
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GI mucosa
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Contains muscularis mucosa -> lamina propria -> inner epithelium
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GI lamina propria (3 features)
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Loose CT layer, highly vascular, w/ protective/immune cells
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Myenteric plexus (Auerbach's)
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Innervates two layers of muscularis externa
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Submucosal plexus (Meisser's)
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In submucosa
Innervates muscularis mucosa and muscle cells in lamina propria |
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Features of esophagus (5)
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SSNKE
Submucosa glands Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers Changes from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle as you descend Adventitia w/o serosa |
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Features of stomach (4)
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Simple columnar epithelium
Mucosal glands 3 muscle layers No goblet cells (surface mucous cells instead) |
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Differentiate stomach: cardiac, fundic, pyloric
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Cardiac - short pits, short glands
Fundic - short pits, long glands w/ parietal and chief cells Pyloric - long pits, short glands w/ G cells |
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Parietal vs chief cells
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Parietal - secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, apical and pink
Chief - secrete pepsinogen, basal and blue |
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Entereoendocrine cells (2, one eg)
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Scattered singly throughout all of stomach
Secrete hormones (eg G cells secrete gastrin) |
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Features of duodenum (3)
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Brunner's glands (secrete bicarbonate) in submucosa
Villi w/ goblet cells Crypts Wandering lymphocytes |
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Paneth cells
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At base of crypts where new epithelial cells are made
Secrete lysozymes and other antibacterial substances |
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Features of ileum (2 distinguishing, 4 total)
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Peyer's patches
A lot more goblet cels Villi Crypts |
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Plicae
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Permanent folds of mucosa and submucosa of small intestine
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Features of large intestine (colon) (4)
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Simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cells are only glands No villi, but microvilli Taenia coli |
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Exocrine pancreas function and features (1)
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Secretes enzymes into ducts as zymogens
Acini Zymogens secreted into intralobular ducts |
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Liver blood supply and flow (4)
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Portal vein carries nutrient rich oxygen poor blood to liver
Hepatic artery carries oxygen rich blood to liver Mix in sinusoids for exchange Sinusoids empty into central veins and go to heart |
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Endocrine pancreas features
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Islets of Langerhans secrete into fenestrated capillaries
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Space of Disse
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Separates adjacent hepatocytes from epithelial cells
Location of exchange between blood and hepatocytes |
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Portal triad
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Portal vein - largest
Hepatic artery - prominent tunica media Bile duct - simple columnar |
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Bile canaliculi
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Separates 2 adjacent hepatocytes
Bile flows in opposite direction of blood toward portal triad |
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Kuppfer cells
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Liver macrophages that take up particulates from blood to clean
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Liver features (2)
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Hexagonal lobules with cells arranged laterally around a central vein
Portal triads at periphery of lobules |
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Liver sinusoids (which cells?)
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Lined w/ fenestrated endothelial cells and Kupffer cells
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Liver endocrine (2) and exocrine functions (4)
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Endocrine: synth and secrete blood proteins and lipoproteins
Exocrine: bile into canaliculus, bilirubin, bile salts, IgA |
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Gallbladder function (1) and features (1)
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Stores and concentrates bile
Forms folds upon contraction that look like glands |
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Renal blood flow (9)
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Renal artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> 2nd capillary bed -> renal vein
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Differentiate: renal corpuscle, nephron, uriniriferous tubule
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Renal corpuscle = glomerulus + bowman's capsule
Nephron = renal corpuscle + tubule Uriniferous tubule = nephron + collecting duct |
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Renal filtration barrier (cells?)
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Fenestrated endothelium
Fused basement membrane of capillary and podocyte Podocyte foot processes |
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Mesangial cells (2)
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Collects and supports all the loops of capillaries in glomeruli
Secrete erythropoietin |
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Differentiate proximal and distal convoluted tubules
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Proximal - like small intestine, lots of brush border, more absoprtion
Distal - like large intestine, no brush border, water absorption |
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Renal blood pressure regulation
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Distal convoluted tubule contacts afferent arteriole at juxtaglomerular apparatus
If BP drops: Afferent arteriole sense low pressure + macula densa senses low Na -> tell JG to release renin -> angiotensin -> angiotensin I -> angiotensin II via angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) -> vasoconstriction and aldosterone release to absorb more Na+ |
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Renal cortex and medulla features
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Cortex - glomeruli
Medulla - tubules |
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Collecting ducts features (4)
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Light staining
Tall columnar cells Lots of apical cytoplasm Basal nuclei |
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Distinguish features of collecting duct, descending limb, and ascending limb (where?)
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Renal medulla
Descending - thin Ascending - thick |
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Ureter features
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Look at muscularis externa
Looks just like esophagus but ureter has 3 layers of muscularis externa and esophagus has 2 |
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Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) features (3 cell types)
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Fenestrated capillaries and little matrix
Acidophiles Basophiles Chromophobes |
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Pituitary acidophiles (2)
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Somatotropes release growth hormone
Lactotropes release prolactin |
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Pituitary basophiles (3)
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Corticotropes release ACTH
Thyrotropes release TSH Gonadotropes release LH and FSH |
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Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones
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Oxytocin - milk ejection, uterine contraction
Vasopressin (ADH) - conservation of water at distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts |
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Posterior pituitary (2 other names) and features
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Pars nervosa and neurohypophysis
Sparse cells, lots of unmyelinated axons Pituicytes support glial cells Herring bodies |
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How are hormones sent to anterior pituitary vs posterior?
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Anterior - made in hypothalamus and go through portal vein causing release of hormones from anterior pituitary
Posterior - ADH and oxytocin made in hypothalamus travel down nerves and are released into herring bodies in posterior pituitary |
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Pars intermedia (cell type and feature)
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Basophils - melanocyte stimulating hormone
Cysts |
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Thyroid gland hormones (which cells?)
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Thyroid hormone - iodinated tyrosine residues (T3 or T4), produced by principle cells
Calcitonin - lowers blood Ca++, decreases osteoclast activity produced by parafollicular cells |
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Thyroid gland features
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Lakes of colloid (thyroglobulin) surrounded by follicular cells w/ fenestrated capillaries
Parafollicular cells are larger than follicular cells and found in between follicles |
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Parathyroid gland features (2 cell types)
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Oxyphil cells - eosinophilic, in huge clumps
Chief cells - stain dark, make parathyroid hormone |
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Parathyroid hormone
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Increases blood calcium and osteoclast activity, stimulates vitamin D activation
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Adrenal cortex features
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Zona glomerulosa - rounded, arched cords, clumps of cell surrounded by ECM, mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - lightest staining, cells filled w/ lipid droplets, glucocorticoids (cortisol), controlled by ACTH Zona reticularis - dense, diffuse, androgens, precursors for sex hormones |
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Adrenal medulla features
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Chromaffin cells - neuroendocrine (stimulated by nerves directly), makes norepinephrine and epinephrine
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How is the pineal gland stimulated?
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Light on retina stimulates hypothalamas and sympathetic nervous system
-> norepinephrine inhibits pineal gland Darkness promotes pineal gland to make melatonin |
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Pineal gland features
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Pinealocytes - modified neurons that make melatonin
Look for brain sand (dark inclusions) |
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Folliculogenesis (5)
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Primordial follicle -> primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> corpus luteum -> corpus albicans
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Oogenesis
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Start w/ all primary oocytes
Secondary oocyte forms just before ovulation when secondary follicle is selected and can be fertilized in fallopian tube or else oocyte atresia |
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Primordial follicle features (2)
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Contains primary oocyte
Flattened layer of follicular cells |
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Primary follicle features (3,what triggered it?)
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Hormone stimulation triggers development
Flattened cells become cuboidal Granulosa cells form several layers Zona pellucida between granulosa cells and primary follicle |
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Hormones, theca + granulosa cells (Before and after pregnancy)
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Theca cells take cholesterol from blood and synthesize androgens (by LH triggering)
Androgens diffuse into granulosa cells where converted to estradiol or Progesterone after pregnancy |
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Secondary follicle features
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Has antrum
Granulosa pile up at one side of antrum forming cumulus oophorus Corona radiata is a ring of granulosa cells around oocyte |
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Mature Graafian follicle
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Extremely large antrum
Granulosa cells acquire receptor for LH Only one before ovulation |
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Ovulation (2)
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Stigma sticks out
LH surge causes follicle rupture and release of ovum surrounded by corona radiata |
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Follicular atresia (2, main feature)
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If secondary follicle is not one chosen to ovulate, dies by atresia - death by apoptosis
Basal lamina between theca and granulosa cells becomes glassy membrane |
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Corpus luteum
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After ovulation ruptured follicle collapses and is transformed to corpus luteum
If no pregnancy -> corpus albicans If pregnancy -> granulosa cells become granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone and estrogen |
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Fallopian tube (Oviduct) features (3)
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Lumens reach sides of cell
Ciliated and secretory cells Simple columnar |
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Endometrium: proliferative phase features
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Follicle releases estrogen that regenerates endometrium
Few straight glands, lots of stroma |
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Endometrium: secretory phase features (3)
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One or two days after ovulation
Corpus luteum releases progesterone to make glands tortuous Very little stroma |
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Endometrium: menstrual phase features (3)
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Sloughing off of stratum functionalis due to decreased progesterone levels
Only stratum basalis remains Spiral arteries constrict causing necrosis |
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Vagina features (2)
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SSNKE
No glands |
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Cervix features (2)
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Simple columnar
Glands |
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Why does stratum basalis not slough off during menstrual phase?
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It is supplied by straight arteries that are not affected by hormones as it is the drop in progesterone that causes the spiral arteries to constrict
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Mammary gland features
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Lots of ducts
Dense fibrous tissue Proliferation of ducts during lactation |
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Testis
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Connective tissue divides septa into lobules
Each lobule contains 4 seminiferous tubules where sperm production take place Leydig cells in interstitial space |
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Sertoli cells
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Support and nourishment for sperm
Protect sperm w/ blood-testis barrier Secrete androgen binding protein and mullerian inhibiting factor |
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Hormones, Leydig + Sertoli cells
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LH stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone
FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to convert testosterone to estrogen |
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Blood-testis barrier (which cells where?)
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Created by sertoli cells and tight junctions
Spermatogonia are within barrier, all other sperm are outside |
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Spermatogonia
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On basal lamina
2N DNA, 2N chr Large oval cells |
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Primary spermatocytes (3)
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4N DNA, 2N chr
First meiotic division Thickened chromosomes |
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Secondary spermatocytes
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2N DNA, N chr
Can't see |
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Spermatid (early vs late)
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N chr, N DNA
Close to lumen Small and elongated Undergoes spermiogenesis to late spermatids which look like sperm |
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Leydig cells (3)
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Produce testosterone
Located in interstitial space Stimulated by LH |
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Rete testis and ductuli efferentes (one feature of efferentes)
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Sperm are washed out rete testis and into ductuli efferentes
Lumen looks like roller coaster |
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Ductus epidydis (epididymis) (2 features)
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Like a washer
Pseudostratified w/ stereocilia Sperm is stored here and undergo maturation so that they can swim |
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Vas (ductus) deferens (3)
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Muscular tube - 3 layers
Surrounded by blood vessels in adventitia Pampiniform plexus of veins |
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Seminal vesicle (3)
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Pseudostratified epithelium w/ basal reserve cells
Coral-like Secretes prostaglandin to make uterus contract |
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Prostate
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Secretes bicarbonate
Surrounds ureter Cancer develops in peripheral zone |
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Bulbourethral gland
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Secretes lubricating material
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Penis
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Monkey-face
Corpus cavernosum looks like eyes, are erectile tissues Corpus spongiosum encloses urethra |
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Glands of Littre
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Surround penile urethra to help keep urethra open
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