Histology Hem Onc

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Functions of blood

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TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO THE CELLS

TRANSPORT OF CO2 AND WASTE AWAY FROM CELL

Delivery of regulatory substances (hormones) to and from the tissues

Buffer function (maintaining pH)

Immune function

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Percentage of the volume of cellular elements vs total volume

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Hematocrit

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Agranulocytes

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Lymphocyte

Monocyte

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Granulocyte

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Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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Smallest plasma protein, maintains colloid osmotic pressure, carrier protein for hormones (thyroxin), metabolites (bilirubin) and drugs (barbiturates)

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Albumin

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Immunoglobulins - what type of globulin

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gamma

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Plasma proteins secreted by liver, maintain colloid osmotic pressure, carrier protein by copper (ceruloplasmin), iron(transfferin) and hemoglobin

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Alpha, beta globulins

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Largest plasma protein secreted by liver, clot formation

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Fibrinogen

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What type of membrane is RBC

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Lipid bilayer

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Integral membrane proteins

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Glycophorins, band 3 protein - anchore cytoskeletal proteins

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Peripheral membrane proteins

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Hexagonal lattice network

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Sickle cell anemia is caused by single point mutations in gene that encodes the _ of hemoglobin A valine is substituted by _

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Beta globin chain of hemoglobin A

Glutamic acid in position 6

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Make up 50-70% of granulocytes

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Neutrophils

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Make up 2-5% of granulocytes

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Eosinophils

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Make up 0.3% of granulocytes

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Basophils

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Make up 25-30% of agranulocytes

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Lymphocytes

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Make up 8% of all agranulocytes

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Monocytes

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- Multilobed nucleus
- Heterochromatin in periphery of nucleus
- Euchromatin in the middle of the nucleus
- Can have drum stick appendages

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Neutrophils

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Drumstick shaped appendage on the nuclear lobes of neutrophils

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Barr body in females

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Primary granules in neutrophil are also called

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Azurophylic granule

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Secondary granules in neutrophil are also called

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Specific granules

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Larger granules in neutrophil, lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase that generates bactericidal hypochlorite, also have cationic proteins called defensins that are bactericidal

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Primary (azurophilic) granules

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Smallest granules, most numerous, contain enzymes (type IV collagenase, phospholipidase), complement activators, bactericidal agen (lysosime)

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Specific (secondary) granules

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2 types of tertiary granules in neutrophils

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Phosphatase containing

Metalloprotease (gellatinase and collagenase) - facilitate migration of neutrophils through connective tissue

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Describe migration of neutrophils to the site

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Selectins interact with selectin receptor on endothelium

Integrins are activated by chemokine signal of endothelium

Integrins and immunoglobulins on the neutrophils bind to their receptors on the endothelium

Mast cells release histamin and heparin that opens a gap on the capillary

Neutrophil migrates into connective tissue

Further migration is directed by chemoattractants to the injury site

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_ recognize the antibodies coating the antigen

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Fc receptor

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- Large red granules in cytoplasm

- BILOBED NUCLEUS

- Heterochromatin in the periphery of the nucleus

- Euchromatin in the middle of the nucleus

- Specific granules (cristalloid body, granule matrix) and azurophylic granules (lysosomes)

- Small Golgi and few mitochondria

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Eosinophils

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Major basic protein of eosinophils

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Cristalloid body

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Cytotoxic to protozoans and helminths parasites

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Cristalloid body + granule matrix

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- Slightly smaller than neutrophils
- Large blue granules
- BILOBED NUCLEUS OBSCURED BY GRANULES
- Heterochromatin in periphery, euchromatin in middle
- Specific granules (heparan sulfate, histamine, SRS A), azurophilic granules

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Basophils

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Plasma membrane of this cells posseses Fc receptors for IgE - triggers release of substances from granules, expresses CD 40L protein that interacts with complementary receptors CD 40 on C cells increasing IgE synthesis

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Basophils

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INTENSELY STAINING SLIGHTLY INDENTED SPHERICAL NUCLEUS with thin pale basophilic ring of cytoplasm surrounding nucleus

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Lymphocytes

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60-80% of lymphocytes

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T lymphocytes

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20-30% of lymphocytes

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B lymphocytes

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5-10% of lymphocytes

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NK cells

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- Variable life span, involved in production of circulating antibodies, express IgM, IgD and MHC II molecules

Name proteins markers expressed on surface and cell name

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B cells

CD9, CD19, CD20, CD24

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Long life span, involved in cell mediated immunity, DO NOT express antibodies on the cell surface

Name protein markers expressed

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CD2, CD3, CD7

T cells

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Cytotoxic T cells marker + and MHC

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CD8 MHCI

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Helper T cells marker + MHC

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CD4 MHC II

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Programmed to kill certain virus infected cells and tumor cells, larger than T and B cells

KIDNEY SHAPED NUCLEUS

Markers?

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NK cells

CD16, 56, 94

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Primary effector in cell mediated immunity, recognize antigen bound MHCI MOLECULE ON VIRUS INFECTED AND NEOPLASTIC CELLS
Secretes lymphokines and perforins that produce ion channels in the infected cell membrane leading to lysis, play role in rejection of allografts and tumor immunology

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CD8 LYMPHOCYTES

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Recognize antigen bound MHC II molecules on antigen presenting cells, produce interleukins stimulating proliferation and differentiation of more CD4 cells

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CD4 LYMPHOCYTES

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Suppress antibody formation by B cells

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Suppressor CD 8 cells

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- Travel from BM to tissues where they differentiate into various tissue macrophages

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Monocytes

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BEAN SHAPED (EMBRYO SHAPED) NUCLEUS, remain in blood for 3 days, LARGE CELLS

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MONOCYTES

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4 zones of platelet

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Peripheral zone - cell membrane covered by glycocalyx

Structural zone - microtubules,actin filaments, myosin, actinbinding proteins supporting plasma membrane (disc shape)

Organelle zone

Membrane zone

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Alpha granules - contain fibrinogen, coagulation proteins, plasminogen, tpa, growth factor (VESSEL REPAIR, COAGULATION, PLATELET AGGREGATION)

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Alpha granules