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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the significance of phophatidyl serine flips
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Early apoptosis has this happen causing membrane blebbing
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What is the function of cholesterol
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stabilization of membrane by integration into the hydrophobic region and limiting movement of adjacent phopholipids
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where are glycosphingolipids in a membrane
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they are part of the lipid raft
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How many classes of integral membrane proteins
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6 - pumps, channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes, structural
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Phosphatidyl serine flips
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happens during apoptosis to cause membraine blebbing
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6 types of integral membrane proteins
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pumps, channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes, structural proteins
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Cadherin importance
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linker integral protein that participates in junctional complexes
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Selectin importance
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linker integral protein that slows wihte blood cells passing the endothelium
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Integrin importance
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linker that ties the fibronectin ECM to the internal actin skeleton
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What GTPase is associated with pinocytosis
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dynamin
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Besides ATP production what is a key function of mitochondria
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sequester Ca++ and Mg++ , initiates apoptosis, and synthesizes Heme and hormones
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Cytochrome P-450
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Catalyst for oxidation of toxic substances in the sER
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What is the pinching protein in endocytosis
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dynamin
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What is the signaling protein for clathrin to attach to in endocytosis
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adaptin
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what cell has many peroxisomes and what can increase them
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hepatocytes, macrophages, and renal tubular - the drug Clofibrate increases them
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Name the intermediate filament types
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kereatin (epithelial) vimentin (mesechymal) glial (astrocytes) neurofilaments (neurons) desmin (muscle) lamin (nuclei)
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What drugs inhibit tubulin polymerization
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Alkaloids (colchicine, colcemid, vinblastine, vincristine)
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What direction does kinesin on the microtubule
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toward the periphery
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What direction does dynesin on the microtubule
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toward the mtoc
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What are the signs of an LSD
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normal at birth but develop learning and behavioral problems, enlarged spleen and liver and prone to pneumonias
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Famous LSD's
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Tay-sachs, Gaucher, Pompe, Hurler, and Hunter
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ubiquitin
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marker for protein distruction
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what happens when ubiquitin marked proteins accumulate
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Neurobrillary tangles (alzheimers) Lewy body (parkinsons) Mallory bodies (alcoholic cirrhosis)
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Mallory bodies
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keratin Ifs in hepatocytes that indicate cirrhosis
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Kinetechore
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the attachment site of the microtubules to the chromosome
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centromere
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the central region of the chromosome
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Barr body
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the lobe in the neutrophil that indicates a female
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In what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur
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pachytene in prophase I
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The morphological indication of apoptosis
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shrinkage, blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, DNA frag, chromatin aggregation, caspsase cascade
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what are the indications that a picture is freeze-frame
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usually split at the hydrophobic plan (between two lipid layers
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What ion influx typically causes secretory vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane (for exocytosis)
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Ca 2+ ion
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How does sER and Golgi usually stain
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washed out
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What is the exocytotic pathway for the secretory product of the plasma cell
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Constitutive pathway ( from rER to Golgi via COPII and secreted immediately)
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What modification occurs in the cisternae (lumen) of the rER
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Post-translational modifications - glycosylation - disulfide bonding - protein folding
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What is the most common fixative used for LM
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Formalin - routinely used with hematoxylin and eosin staining, 37% formaldehyde, preserve general structure of cell and extra cellular components, reacts with amino group - most commonly lysine, does not react with lipids - poor fixative of cell membranes ---Note for EM osmium tetroxide is used - lipid soluble this excellent preservation of the membranes
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What important event occurs in the pachytene stage of meiosis
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crossing-over
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What are mallor bodies
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accumulation of keratin intermediate filaments forming intercellular inclusions, frequently associated with specific cells injuries like alcoholic cirrhosis and inflammator reactions in lymphocytes and macrophages
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What are the colored granules seen in neutrophils
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The azuric granules are lysosomes
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How many non-muscle myosins are there, in general
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non-muscle cells contain myosin I, there are isoforms for specialized cells, melanocytes, kidneys, intestinal absorptive cells, nerve growth factors, inner ear hair cells
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What can be detected with an electorn probe x-ray microanalysis detector mounted on a scanning electron microscope
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Emitted x-rays, a map can be constructed that shows the distribution in the section of elements with atomic numbers above 12 and concentration sufficient to produce enough x-rays to analyze
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What is a reserve stem cell
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GO cells that can re-enter the cell cycle in response to injury - in wound healing, repopulation of seminiferous epithelium, regeneration of an organ
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Do Ifs begin as a monomer or a tetramer
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Begin as monomers,2 combine to form coiled coil dimer, two dimers twist antiparallel to form tetramer
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_______ length is an important indicator of the life span of the cells
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telomere
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How many ways can you cut an orange
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infinite
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How many functions are associated with the sER
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5 functions Lipid/steroid/glyco metabolism, steroid synthesis, Ca++ reservoir, detoxification of noxious substances, membrane formation and recycling
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What is a residual body
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Age pigments or lipofusin granules - typical function of aging
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What is Eg5 and its function
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separates the siter chromatids intod daughter cells
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Why is it difficult ot find apoptotic cells in H&E
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Apoptosis occurs more that 20 times faster than mitosis, therefore it is challenging to find apoptotic cells
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What is the clinical use for dark field microscopy
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Useful for examining urine for crystals such as those of uric acid and oxalate and demonstrating specific bacteria such as spirochetes (treponema pallidum - syphilis)
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What is nucleostemin
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P53 binding protein in the nucleolus, P53 regulates cell cycles and influences cell differentiations. This may play a role in uncontrolled proliferation and is a potential target of DNA/RNA viruses
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What is one signaling stimulus for the regulated secretory exocytotic pathway
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Influx of Ca++
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What is an aggregate of neurons called in the PNS and ANS
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ganglia
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Name 4 delivery sites for proteins coming from the golgi
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Apical plasma membrane, basolateral plasma membrane, endosomes or lysosomes, apical cytoplasm
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Name the few substances within cells and extracellular matrix that disply basophilia
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Heterochromatin & nucleoli, Cytoplasmic components such as ergastoplasm (ionized phosphate groups), extracellular materials such as complex carbs in the matrix of cartilage
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What colors compared with H&E are seen with the typical TEM photo
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H&E is blue and pink (eosin), TEM is black and white
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What process are chaperone proteins involved in
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In Chaperon mediated autophagy it is selectively processing protein degradation ---- in chaperone-mediated direct transport it is the process of protein import into the lysosome ------ Both of these involve hsc73 (heat shock)
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Where can one find actin crosslinking proteins that cross-link actin bundles and cross-link actin filaments with each other
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cytoskeleton of erythrocytes
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what is congo red used for
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Stain for amyloid, stains apple green
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What is the embedding medium most comonly used for LM
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Parafin
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What does ergasto mean
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basophilic - ergastoplasm is the basophilic component of the cytoplasm inside rER (large amounts of RNA)
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion
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Inner membrane
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What are the steps description and importance of a frozen slide
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1 - Freezing the sample 2 Sectioning the tissue, 3 - staining the cut sections,
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What does the PAS stain demonstrate
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Periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stains carbohydrates - demostrates glycogen in cells, mucose in cells and tissues, basement membrane underneath epithelia, and reticular fibers in connective tissue
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Where is euchromatin prominent
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In the nucleolus - it is the clear area (heterochromatin stains dark)
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What is pyroptosis
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Cell death induced by infections that generate intesnt inflammatory responses. Dependent on Caspase-1 enzyme which is different that apoptosis caspase. Caspase-1 activates inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-8
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What controls the level of cyclins during the cell cycle
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Ubiquitin mediates degradation of cyclins - Cyclins stimulate, inhibitors are Inks (inhibitors of kinase) Cips (Cdk inihibitors) and Kips (kinase inhibitors)
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When does the nuclear membrane reassemble and does this involve phosphorylation
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Reassembly begins in late anaphase. This takes energy so ATP is Dephosphorylated, not phospholated
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What are the proteolytic enzymes responsible for dismantling the cell in apoptosis
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caspases
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What does the nucleus look like in apoptosis
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DNA fragments , cell decreases in volume, membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies
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lipofuscine pigment is an indicator of what in the cell
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aging and wear and tear pigment
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What is the GTPase associated with clathrin coated vesicles
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dynamin
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How do cells stain with H&E that contain a lot of sER
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sER exhibit eosinophilia (basophilia), eosin is acidophilic which binds to basophilic components - EOSIN IS PINK
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How does colchicine inhibit neutrophils from responding to urate crystal presence in gout
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bindes to microtubules and prevents their polymerization
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What are the 4 basic tissues
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Epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue
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What protein is released from mitochondria that initiates apoptosis
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Cytochrome C - from the intermembrane spaces - activates caspases
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The separation at the cleavage furrow is achieved by ____ ___ consisting of ____
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Contractile ring consisting of actin filaments
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On what cells surface is the Ig-A receptor complex internalized for its endocytotic pathway
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Secreted in saliva and is internalized at the basal surface of the secretory cells in the salivary gland and released at the apical surface
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What cells have prominent rER
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Fribroblasts, plasma cells, osteoblasts, lysosome producers
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The kinetochore is usually near the ____
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Centromere - the kinetochore is opposite the centromere and serves as an attachment site for the kinetochore microtubules of the mitotic spindle
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What does a tripolar spindle signify for the cell
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it is a mitotic spindle that contains 3 chromosome arms instead of four. Each spindle pole had 2 centrioles this is common in human breast tumors
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What accumulates in pompe disease
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glycogen
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what is contact inhibition
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inihibition of cell division due to cell contact, malignant cells lose this
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In what direction does dynein travel along a microtubule
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Toward the negative end (toward the MTOC)
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What organelle is associated with Zellweger syndrome
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peroxysomes
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What is the drumstick on a neutrophil nucleus
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Barr body (present only in females)
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What three cells have a large paranuclear Golfgi as visualized by lM
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Plasma cells, osteoblasts, epididymis
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Children borbn with LSD's usually appear _____ at birth
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normal
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Is Myosin II in the cleavage furrow
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No, the cleavage furrow is achieved by a contractile ring of actin filaments
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How does kinesin move chromosomes
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Toward the plus end (periphery)
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How are basal bodies produced
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in two different ways, acentriolar pathway (the denovo pathway 95%) and Centriolar pathway which is the duplication of existing centrioles
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If you want ot find examples of pinocytotic vesicles in a section of a biopsy with a TEM scope, you would look for the cytoplasm of what cell?
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Prominent in endothelium
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What color is the nucleolus with H&E staining
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puplish blue
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What two organelles undergo exact duplication in the cell
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centrioles and nucleus
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What is the definition of tissue
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Group of cells that function together
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What organelle does I-cell disease involve
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golgi
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If a mast cell is stained with toluidine blue and then appears red or purple under the microscope, what is the nae of this change
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Metachromasia - The poly anions form aggregates; the abosorpotion properties of these aggregates differ from the individuals
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what does aneuploid mean
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abnormal number of chromosomes
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What does fuelgen stain demostrate
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Used to study ploidy (the number of times normal DNA content is multiplied ), used to analyze abnormal chromosomal number (anaploidy) in malignant cells. Mostly useful to specific adenocarcinomas (epithelial cancers)
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What type of IF is found in the myofibroblast
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vimentin (class 3)
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How is a mitochondrion like sER
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It can store Ca++. Note that MitC can also store Mg++
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What happens to the lamin in mitosis
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Unlike other cytoplasmic interediate filaments, lamins disassemble during mitosis and reassemble at the end of mitosis
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What is one example of alinker integral (transmembrane) protein
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Integrens
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What organelle is in volved in the M-6-P targeting mechanism
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Golgi apparatus
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According to a quick-freeze technique what is mainly found in the terminal web
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Intermediate filaments
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Where are stereocilli found
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Epididymis, proximal region of ductus deferens, and sensory cells of ear
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How many tubulin filaments in the central 2 MT's in a motile cilia
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13 protofilaments in A and an incomplete 10 in B
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Example cilia on what organ
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Sensory function cilia of kidney epithelia
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What is endothelium
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Simple squamous epithelium that lines the vascular system
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What is mesothelium
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Simple squamous epithelium that lines walls and covers the contents of closed cavities of the body (abodominal, pericardial, pleural)
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Where is transitional epithelium
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Urothelium - stratified squamous epithelium that lines the lower urinary tract and can undergo distension
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Junctional complexes
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Adhesive components between individual epithelial cells, they consist of zonula occludens, zonula adherens, macula adherens
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LM appearance of Junc Complexes
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Eosinophilic dot or line at the apical region between adjacent epithelial cells (apicolateral)
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Where is the Zonula occludens
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Most apical component of the junctional complex
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EM appearance of Zonula Occludens
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Series of local fusions (close contact of membranes) sealing off intercellular space
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How strong are zonula occludens
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Limited resistance to mechanical stress
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Function of zonula occludens
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1. Transport (both para and trans cellular) and 2 -establishment of functional domains of the plasma membrane
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Microvilli - Actin associated Proteins in microvilli
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Stemin and fascin (actin bundling) myosin 1 (actin anchoring to the side) myosin II (in the terminal web it contracts to move microvilli) villin (anchors to tip),
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Stereocillia actin-associated proteins
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Erzin attaches actin to tip and sides, alpha-actinin attaches actin to terminal web but does not contract, fimbrin holds the actin together for stability
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What molecule failure causes motile cilia to become defective
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The dinein arms of the surrounding microtubule fibers
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Which border modifications anastomosize
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sterocilia
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What is the co-receptor for the hep C virus
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Claudin 1
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What is the common receptor for reoviruses, cosackie and adenovirus
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JAM A
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Receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)
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Claudin 4
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What proteins are part of the zonula occludens
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Integral proteins are Claudins - occluden - Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) cytoplasmic proteins are scaffolding proteins ZO-1 2 and 3 and actin
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What is a CAM
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Cell adhesion molecule
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What is a JAM
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Junctional adhesion molecule
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What is the CAM of zonula occludens
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Claudin
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What is the CAM of zonula adherens
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Cadherin
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What is the CAM of desmisomes (macule adherens)
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cadherins keratin IFs
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Fascia adherens
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Similar to zonula adherins, but in cardiac muscle but not in a ring
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Focal adhesion
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A single adhesion spot between epithelia, uses integrins, just like hemidesmosomes
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What is the CAM of hemidesmosomes
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Integrins
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What is the CAM of focal adhesions
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Integrins
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What is the important molecule in a gap junction
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Connexion.
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Laminin
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Initiating molecule of the basal lamina
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Types of exocrine release
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Merocrine (vesicles fuse with membrane to directly release), apocrine (release entire apex of cell), holcrine (cell lyses)
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Types of exocrine glands
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Simple or complex, serous, mucous or mixed, Tubular, alveolar or acinar (flask shaped), tube ending in a sack (tubuloalveolar)
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Demilune
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A partial serous gland within a mixed gland
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Cartilage ECM collagen
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Types 2,6,9,10,11
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somatotropin
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Pituitary growth hormone
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What does the territorial matrix contain
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less collagen, stains dark
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What does the inter-territorial matric contain
|
more collage stains lighter
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What hormones increase cartilage growth
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somatotrophin, thyroxin testosterone
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What hormones slow cartilage growth
|
cortisone, estradiol
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Name the two types of cartilage growth
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appositional (from the perichondrium) and interstitial(from the inside)
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versican
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Intermediate fiber - more of this in fibrocartilage than fibroblasts
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cellular alignment of fibrocartilage
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chondrocytes in a line
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What is the marker for the osteoblast cell
|
alkaline phosphatase in matrix vesicles
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filopodia
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the processes of osteocytes that run through the caniculi
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Lamellae
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the round regions circluing the haversian canal
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What is the marker for osteoclast cells
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acid phosphatase
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Paget's disease
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uncontrolled osteoclast activity
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osteocalcin
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captures calcium
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The first ossified bone in the body
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clavicle
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Layers of the synovium
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intima and subintima
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What is the clear space near an osteoclast
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howship's lacuna
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What is the name of the canals that come off of haversian canal
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volkman's canals
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CT Cover of cartilage
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perichondrium
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Chondrocytes that are distributed in cluster
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isogenous group
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enzyme found in osteoclast for acid production
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carbonic anhydraze
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homrmone that stumulates osteoclast activity
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PTH
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osteoblast precursor cell
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osteoprogenitor
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proteoglycan found in fibrocartilage
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versican
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captures calcium from the circulation
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osteocalcin
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Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity
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calcitonin
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bone-resorbing cells that are formed by fused monocytes
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osteoclast
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a space occupied by a chonodrocyte
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lacuna
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formed in bone matrix during mineralization
|
hydroxyapotite
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oxteocyte process that connects to adjacent osteocytes
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canaliculi
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type 3 collagen
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reticular fiber
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Maarker of mast cell activation
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tyryptase
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binds to osteoblasts
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osteocalcin
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enzyme secreted by chondrocytes and other CT cells that cause proteolytic damage to ECM
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MMP
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Share features of a mast cell
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basophil
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characteristic expression protein of myofibroblasts
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alpha-sma
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silver loving
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argyrophilic
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CT macrophage
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histiocyte
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contains UCP-1 in brown adipose
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mitochondria
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retulates metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue
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norepinephrine
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differentiates from a B cell
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plasma cell
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includes fibers and ground substance
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ecm
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product of mast cell that gneerates angiotensin II
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chymase
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CT Cover of cartilage
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perichondrium
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Chondrocytes that are distributed in cluster
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isogenous group
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Enzyme found in osteoclast for acid production
|
carbonic anhydraze
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Homrmone that stumulates osteoclast activity
|
PTH
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Osteoblast precursor cell
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osteoprogenitor
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Proteoglycan found in fibrocartilage
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versican
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Captures calcium from the circulation
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osteocalcin
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Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity
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calcitonin
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Bone-resorbing cells that are formed by fused monocytes
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osteoclast
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A space occupied by a chondrocyte
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lacuna
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Formed in bone matrix during mineralization
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hydroxyapatite
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Osteocyte process that connects to adjacent osteocytes
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canaliculi
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Type 3 collagen
|
reticular fiber
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Marker of mast cell activation
|
tryptase
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Binds to osteoblasts
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osteocalcin
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Enzyme secreted by chondrocytes and other CT cells that cause proteolytic damage to ECM
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MMP
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Share features of a mast cell
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basophil
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Characteristic expression protein of myofibroblasts
|
alpha-sma
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Silver loving
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argyrophilic
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CT macrophage
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histiocyte
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Contains UCP-1 in brown adipose
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mitochondria
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Retulates metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue
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norepinephrine
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Differentiates from a B cell
|
plasma cell
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Includes fibers and ground substance
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ecm - extra-cellular matrix
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Product of mast cell that generates angiotensin II
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chymase
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Fibronectin
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ECM molecule that connects the extracellular collagen through the fibronexus to the integrin molecule and the intracellular actin microfibrils
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Where are myofibroblasts found
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Around glands and in the cornea
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Where are plasma cells found
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Beneath epithelium
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Where are mast cells found
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Near blood vessels
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What receptors are particularly abundant on Mast cells
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Receptors for IgE fC portion. allergic and parasitic reactions. When IgE
|
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Mast cell contents
|
PGE2 (prostoglandin) is a vasodialator, Leukotriene (C4) induces vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction, Histamine (constriction)
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How do endothelial cells react to histamine
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By contracting and making the vessel leaky
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MMPS
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Matrix metalloproteinases - zinc dependent enzymes that degrade all components of the ECM, Ovulation is an example
|
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Important GAG's
|
Hyaluronan (long chain holding it together), Dermatan Sulfate (in the skin), Heparan Sulfate (the in the Basal Lamina)
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Syndecan
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A Transmembrane protein that can link to Basal Lamina through Heparan sulfate
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What does fibronectin bind
|
Collagens 1-4, heparan sulfate, fibrin, hyaluronan, integrin
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What does laminin bind
|
Heparan sulfate, Proteoglycans and the cell membrane (integral)
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Osteopontin
|
Binds to osteoclasts and osteoblasts to cause calcification or decalcification
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Leptin
|
Regulates the amount of adipose tissue in the body. Receptors in the hypothalamus
|
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Norepinephrine reaction with adipose tissue
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