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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capsule |
-covers kidney surface 2 layers: -outer layer of fibroblasts & collagen fibers -Inner layer of myofibroblasts -myofibroblast contraction may contribute to volume & pressure variations in the kidney
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Hilum |
-depression where renal artery, vein, ureter & nerves enter the kidney |
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Cortex |
-outer reddish brown part -90-95% of kidney blood passes through -contains renal corpuscles & their associated tubules -nephron -collecting tubules -medullary rays -cortical labyrinths |
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Nephron |
-basic structural & functional unit of the kidney -production of urine
Contains: -renal corpuscle (Bowman's corpuscle) -renal tubules (conviluted & straight) |
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How to tell the difference between Proximal/Distal Tubules & Collecting Tubules/Ducts? |
-cell boundaries that can be easily seen
Light cells: main cells -have 1 cilium & relatively few microvilli -lots of ADH-regulated water channels (aquaporin-2) -responsible for water permiability of the collecting ducts
Dark cells: intercalated -microvilli -fewer of these than Light Cells |
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Collecting tubules |
-simple squamous-cuboidal epi -Located in the cortical labyrinths -combine to form Cortical collecting ducts
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Cortical Collecting Ducts |
-simple squamous-cuboidal epi -descend into medulla to become medullary collecting ducts -secrete acidic or alkaline solution |
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Medullary Collecting Ducts |
-simple cuboidal epi -transition to simple columnar as ducts increase in size -end at the renal papilla -less Dark Cells as you approach the renal papilla
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Medullary Rays |
-aggregation of straight tubules of the nephron & collecting ducts |
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Cortical Labyrinths |
-Located inbetween the Medullary Rays -contain renal corpuscles, convoluted tubules of the nephron & collecting tubules |
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Thin Segment of the Loop of Henle Length |
-Length varies w/ the location of the nephron in the cortex
-Juxtamedullary nephrons = longest -Intermediate nephrons = intermediate length -Cortical nephrons = shortest |
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Medulla |
-5-10% of blood passes through -much lighter-colored inner part
characterized by: -straight tubules of the nephron -collecting ducts -vesa recta |
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Glomerulus |
-tuft of capillaries -surrounded by Bowman's Capsule -blood flowing through the capillaries gets filtered -produces Glomerular Ultrafiltrate |
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Bowman's Capsule |
-aka Renal Capsule -surrounds the Glomerulus -is the beginning of the nephron
2 layers: -Visceral layer against the Glomerulus, made of podocyte cells -Parietal layer of simple squamous epi w/ own BM |
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Renal Tubules |
-aka Tubes of the Nephron
-Proximal Convoluted Tubule -Proximal Straight Tubule -Thin Descending Limb -Thin Ascending Limb -Distal Straight Tubule -Distal Convoluted Tubule |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus |
Consists of: -Macula Densa -Juctaglomerular Cells (smooth muscle cells) -Extraglomerular mesangial cells
Function: regulates blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system -secrete renin -Macula Densa monitors blood Na+ levels |
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Glomerular Filteration Barrier Components |
3 Components: -Endothelium of the glomerular capillaries -Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) -Visceral Layer of the Bowman's Capsule |
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Endothelium of the Glomerular Capillaries |
-possess numerous fenestrations -fenestrations are larger & more numerous than in normal capillaries -no diaphragm spanning the fenestrations -Large # of AQP-1 water channels that allow the fast movement of water through the endothelium |
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Glomerular Basement Membrane |
-a thick basal lamina -composed of a network of type IV collagen - |
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Visceral Layer of the Bowman's Capsule |
-Podocytes (aka visceral epithelial cells) -octopus-like structures -Feet w/ filtration slits - |
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Vascular Pole |
-site where the efferent and afferent arterioles penetrate and exit from the parietal layer of the Bowman's Capsule |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule |
-starts @ the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule -follows very convoluted course -enters the medullary ray to continue as the Proximal Straight Tubule
Function: initial & major site of reabsorption. Ions out, Urea in. |
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Proximal Straight Tubule |
-aka Thick descending limb of the Loop of Henle -descends into the medulla
Function: High permeability to water, low permeability to ions and urea. Increases glomerular filtrate concentration. Water out. Ions in. |
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Thin Descending Limb |
-continuation of the proximal straight tubule within the medulla -makes a hairpin turn & and heads back up toward the cortex
Function: High permeability to water, low permeability to ions and urea. Increases glomerular filtrate concentration. Water out. Ions in. |
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Thin Ascending Limb |
-continuation of the thin descending limb after it's hairpin turn -heads up towards the cortex
Function: high permeability to Na+, Cl- & K+, impermeable to water. Decreases glomerular filtrate concentration. Ions out. Urea in. |
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Distal Straight Tubule |
-aka Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle -continuation of the Thin Ascending Limb -ascends through the medulla & enters the cortex in the medullary ray, near it's renal corpuscle of origin -then leaves it's medullary ray and makes contact w/ the vascular pole of it's parent renal corpuscle -form Macula Densa w/ the Afferent Arteriole -then leaves the region & becomes the Distal Convoluted Tubule
Function: high permeability to Na+, Cl- & K+, impermeable to water. Decreases glomerular filtrate concentration. Ions out. Urea in. |
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Distal Convoluted Tubule |
-less convoluted than the Proximal Convoluted Tubules -empties into a collecting tubule in the medullary ray
Function: Na+, Cl-, water out. H+, K+, Na4+ in. |
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Order of collecting vessels |
Distal Convoluted Tubule --> collecting tubules
Collecting Tubules combine to form Collecting ducts
Collecting Ducts --> Drain into Minor Calyx
Minor Calyx --> Major Calyx --> Renal Pelvis --> Ureter --> Bladder |
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Countercurrent system |
-Countercurrent = fluid flowing both ways -creates Hyperosmotic Urine
Involves 3 structures: -Loop of Henle (acts as countercurrent multiplyer)
-Vasa Recta (acts as countercurrent exchangers of water and solutes)
-Collecting Duct (acts as an osmotic equalizer) |
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Ureter |
-receives urine from the renal pelvis -drains into the urinary bladder -lined w/ transitional epi -3 distinct layers of smooth muscle under the lamina propria ----1st: Inner Longitudinal Layer ----2nd: Circular Layer ----3rd: Outer Longitudinal Layer (present only @ the distal end) -smooth muscle = mixed bundles w/ CT |
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Urinary Bladder |
-located in the pelvis -distensible reservoir for urine -3 openings: 2 for ureters, 1 for the urethra -Trigone: triangular region between the 3 openings. Is relatively smooth & consistent in thickness -areas outside tirgone = bladder wall is thick & folded when empty & thin & smooth when bladder is full -detrusor muscle: smooth muscle of bladder wall. contraction forces urine into the urethra |
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Urethra |
-conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior
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Urethra Male Differences |
-Internal Urethral Sphincter = Involuntary, part of detrusor muscle -serves as the terminal duct for both urinary & reproductive systems ~20 cm long w/ 3 segments
1) Prostatic urethra (runs thru prostate gland) 2) Membranous urethra (external voluntary sphincter) 3) Penile urethra (runs thru penis, stratified squamous epi at the tip) |
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Urethra Female Differences |
~3-5 cm -terminates just posterior to the clit -has external voluntary sphincter |
