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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Components of Female Reproductive System
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* Ovaries (2)- suspended in a collection of ligaments
* Oviducts (2)- aka fallopian tube *Uterus (1) *Vagina *External genitalia - fimbria- fingerlike projections that transfer eggs from ovary to oviduct |
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Ovary functions
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Two main functions:
1. Gametogenesis 2. Steroidogenesis - estrogen - progesterone |
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Ovarian Structure
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*Outer layers (simple cuboidal):
- germinal epithelium - tunica albuginea (layer of dense CT under germinal epithelium; white color comes from here) *Two Main Regions: 1. Medulla 2. Cortex - stroma (filler cells around follicle) - we find developing follicles in the cortex |
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Oogenesis
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PGC--> primary oocyte (differentiates here)--meiosis I--> secondary oocyte--meiosis II--> ovum (egg)
-start with 100,000 primordial germ cells (PGC) as a fetus - maximum number of eggs (~5 million) at 5-7 months fetus development - puberty: about 300,000 eggs - lose numbers of eggs from then onto menopause - menopause: 8,000 eggs |
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Mammalian Oogenesis
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- supportive cells form around it
- one layer of granulosa cells= primary follicle - intermediate/secondary follicle = multiple layers of granulosa cells - thecal cells later surround secondary follicle |
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Ovarian follicles
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-primordial follicle (basically just the egg)
- primary follicle (oocyte is enlarged and surrounding cells become cuboidal) - antral follicle (space starts to appear) - graffian follicle *all this is taking place in the cortex |
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Primordial follicle
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*squamous follicle cells
*basal lamina *first appear in the ovaries during the 3rd month of fetal development (30 um) *protein machinery *primordial cells found in periphery of ovary |
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Primary follicle
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*Stratum granulosa
- cuboidal to columnar - gap junctions *Zone pellucida *Theca folliculi (sheath of CT cells) - Interna *vascularized layer *endocrine (secretive) - Externa (more supportive CT here) *smooth muscle *collagen bundles |
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Intermediate (secondary) follicle
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*Antrum appears(single crescent-shaped cavity)
- liquor folliculi (fluid inside space that has hyaluronic acid) |
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Graffian follicle
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- 10 mm
- mature follicle *Antrum *Cumulus oophorus (thickened mound that projects into the antrum) *Corona radiata- cells right around the oocyte |
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Ovulation
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- egg is released into the body cavity
*increase in volume and pressure of liquor folliculi *enzymatic proteolysis of follicle wall *theca externa- smooth muscle contraction - egg and supportive cells get released - release digestive enzymes like collagenase to help release egg (digest the wall) - after ovulation the egg sits on the periphery of ovary with a stock. The fimbria pick it up and bring it to the oviduct |
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Overview of oogenesis process
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* Prophase I arrest
- primary oocyte - 12 to 50 years - released at ovulation *Metaphase II arrest - released at fertilization |
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Corpus Luteum
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- leftover cells of follicle after egg is released form this
- corpus luteum stays for 10 days and then deteriorates, leading to menses - HcG keeps corpus luteum from deteriorating (during pregnancy- it's a feedback) - the corpus luteum is an endocrine structure- it produces progesterone (prepares uterus for implantation) |
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Female Menstrual Cycle
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- 28 days
- 5 days = menses stage - 9 days = follicle stage - 14 days = luteal stage |
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Follicle Atresia
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- all of the eggs once produced get reabsorbed (this is what happens to the vast majority of eggs)
- microphages and sometimes fibroblasts do this |
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Oviduct
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*12 cm long
*regions: - infundibulum (opening for egg) - ampullae (longest segment) - isthmus (connection to uterus) *Three layers: 1. mucosa (secretory and ciliated cells) 2. muscularis (circular and longitudinal layers) 3. serosa (CT) *ectopic pregnancy- egg doesn't implant where it's supposed to (ex: body wall; oviduct(tubal pregnancy)) |
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Uterus
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Two regions:
- body - cervix - these two regions differ histologically and in function |
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The three layers of the uterus
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1. endometrium (thin; the mucosa of the uterus)
2. myometrium (thick smooth muscular region; muscle fibers allow stretching and increas in size by forming more muscle cells (hypertrophy) and also hyperclasia (build new fibers- increase no. of cells)) 3. perimetrium (outermost somewhat thin CT) |
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Uterus- endometrium
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- this is the complex layer of the uterus (where everything happens)
- it changes histologically during pregnancy and once a month (it proliferates and then degenerates during a menstrual cycle) *Epithelium *Lamina propria - uterine glands *Two layers: 1. basalis (base between myometrium and endometrium) 2. functionalis (most closely associated with the lumen) |
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Menstruation
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Menstrual cycle:
1. proliferation (functionalis increases/gets thicker) 2. secretory 3. menstrual - functionalis is eliminated during menstrual phase - proliferation is at the same time as the follicular stage - the secretory stage corresponds to the luteal stage (so influenced by progesterone secretion) |
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Uterus- Cervix
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- simple columnar epithelium
- reduced smooth muscle - dense CT (alot more present) - transition to stratified squamous (from uterine epithelium to stratified squamous) - during pregnancy the cervical glands increase mucous production - there is no sluffing of here |
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HPV and cervical cancer
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cervical cancer- cells in uterus, instead of becoming more squamous, continue to divide and exit through the basal lamina
*gardasil- recognizes viral proteins |
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Vagina
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*devoid of glands
*3 layers: - Mucosa * epithelium * lamina propria - Muscular * longitudinal smooth - Adventitia * dense CT, elastic fibers |
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Male Reproductive System
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*testes
*genital excurrent ducts *accessory sex glands - seminal vesicles - prostrate - bulbourethral glands *penis |
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Testis
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*Capsule
- tunica albuginea (like in the ovary; dense CT) - tunica vaginalis (lining relates to stomach lining because it descended from abdominal cavity in development; has peritoneal sac) - Septa (divide into lobes) - Mediastinum testis (along the posterior surface of the testis, the tunica albuginea thickens and projects inward as this) *Seminiferous tubules - sertoli cells - interstitial cells (leydig) |
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Sertoli and Leydig
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*Sertoli
- supportive cells - columnar cells with apical and lateral processes *Spermatogenesic cells - produce sperm *Tunica propria - it's a multilayered CT - has myoid cells (muscle cells that aid in contraction- move sperm thru seminiferous tubules) - has blood vessels and lymph vessels *Leydig - testosterone production |
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Spermatogenesis
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PGC--(mitosis)--> spermatogonia --(mitosis)--> primary spermatocyte--(meiosis I)--> secondary spermatocyte--(meiosis II)--> spermatid--(spermiogenesis and differentiation)--> spermatozoa (mature sperm)
- this doesn't start until puberty; after then it constantly continues -cytoplasmic bridges help coordinate development (connect developing sperm) - get rid of extra cytoplasm by: residual bodies |
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Intratesticular ducts
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* Straight tubule:
-at the end of the seminiferous tubules - sertoli cells lining only - simple cuboidal cells *Rete testis - a complex series of interconnecting channels within the highly vascular CT of the mediastinum - highly vascular CT - simple cuboidal or columnar cells - single apical cilium (help move fluid thru) *Efferent ductules - nonciliated and ciliated cuboidal cells - efferent ductules connect the developing rete testis with the duct of the epididymis |
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Excurrent ducts- epididymis
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*ductus epididymis
*connective tissue around it *blood vessels -stereocilia in epididymis as well -residual bodies may get reabsorbed here - epididymis is a crescent-shaped structure that consists of the efferent ductules and the duct of the epididymis and associated vessels, smooth muscles, and CT coverings |
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Excurrent ducts- vas deferens
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*narrow lumen
*thick smooth muscle layer *mucosa of pseudostratified columnar - thin pseudostratified epithelium; thick muscular layer - the vas deferens is a direct continuation of the tail of the epididymis |
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Penis
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*Corpus cavernosa (bundles of erectile tissue):
- of penis (2 dorsal) - of urethra *Tunica albuginea (CT around erectile tissue) *Vascularization - artery - cavernous spaces - veins - nutritive - helicine (the spaces increase in size and rigidity by filling with blood, principally derived from the helicine arteries) *Viagra regulates blood flow by allowing capillaries to dilate |
