Histology Final

Front 1

URINARY SYSTEM

Back 1

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

Front 2

Name the components of the urinary system and their functions (e.g. bladder) (4 components)

Back 2

Kidneys (paired)- Prod urine, blood filtration, selective absorption of fluids, ions
Ureters (paired)- transfer fr kidneys to bladder
Bladder - stores and voids urine
Urethra- transfer urine from bladder to exterior

Front 3

What is the function of the urinary system?

Back 3

* Produce, stores, and voids urine --> control blood volume
* Remove toxic substances from blood
* electrolyte balance (Na, K, Ca)
* Hormone production (erythropoietin, renin)

Front 4

What happens at the hilum of the kidneys?

Back 4

* Entrance of the renal artery
* Exit of renal vein
* Exit of ureters

Front 5

What is in the cortex of the kidneys?

Back 5

Cortex of kidney consists of:
* renal corpuscles- beginning segment of nephron, containing capillary network called glomerulus
* convoluted/ straight tubules
* vascular supply
* medulla rays

Front 6

Where is the main site of blood filtration in the kidney and the initial site of urine production?

Back 6

At the renal corpuscles of the Nephron, the structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Front 7

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

Back 7

Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule, proximal/distal convoluted tubule,
proximal/distal straight tubule,
loop of Henle
afferent / efferent arterioles

Front 8

What does the collecting duct do?

Back 8

Final concentration of the urine

Front 9

Describe the capillaries of the glomerulus and their permeability characteristics.

Back 9

The endothelium of the glomerulus capillaries has numerous fenestrations. Diaphragm between fenestration is absent. Has presence of large number of aquaporin-1 - water channel that allow fast movement of water through the epithelium . Size: small molecules can passed through BUT not large one such as albumin or negatively charged molecules.

Front 10

Describe the structure and functions of the proximal and convoluted tubules as well as the Loop of Henle.

Back 10

LOOK UP WHEN THERE IS TIME. NOT MENTIONED IN LECTURE!

Front 11

What is counter current multiplier?

Back 11

flow of fluid in adjacent structures in opposite direction. Can be seen in three structures:
Loop of Henle- descending from thin seg. and back up toward ascending thin seg
Vasa recta-
Collecting Duct-

Front 12

Describe the effect of Antidiuretic hormone on the collecting tubule.

Back 12

Antidiurecttic hormone (ADH- vasopressin- prod in hypothalamus) increase permeability of the collecting duct to water- which produce more concentrated urine.

Front 13

What are aquaporins and where are they found? How is their concentration regulated?

Back 13

BY ADH?

Front 14

Describe the structure of ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Back 14

URETERS & BLADDER:
Mucosa- transitional epithelium (aka urothelium), lamina propria
Musularis- two band of smooth muscles (longitudinal/circular)
Adventitia

URETHRA:Epithelium depends on gender and positional.
in both sex, when empty= transitional
When full:
Female- stratified squamous
Male- Pseudostratified columnar--> stratified squamous.

Front 15

Reread section of Kidney dialysis method

Back 15

Not in study questions but take a look again.

Front 16

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Back 16

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER

Front 17

What are the components of the alimentary canal?

Back 17

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Sm. Intestine, Lg intestine

Ass. Organ: Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, Pancreas, liver, gall bladder.

Front 18

What are the alimentary canal's function?

Back 18

Barrier- bet internal and ext environment
Immunological defense- site of lymphatic tissues
Motility- movement of food
Secretion- Enzymes, mucous, acid, antibodies
Absorption: products of digestion

Front 19

Name and describe the 4 layers of the alimentary canal.

Back 19

1) Mucosa-
epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa
2) Submucosa: Dense, irregular connective tissue
3) Muscularis externa: two layers of smooth muscle
4) Serosa: simple squamous epithelium, connective tissue

Front 20

Describe the epithelium of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the large intestine.

Back 20

Mouth: striated squamous epithelium with keratinized layer
Esophagus: stratified squamous epithelium
Stomach: Simple columnar
Small and Large intestine: simple columnar

Front 21

What is Barrett's esophagus?

Back 21

Esophagus tissue that is becoming more similar to stomach lining due to damage caused by leakage of stomach acid into esophagus b/c of acid reflux, heartburn, ...

Front 22

What is responsible for the motility of the alimentary canal? Describe the structure and motility functions of the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis externa.

Back 22

MOTILITY-
1) Muscularis mucosa- thin layer of smooth muscle is responsible for moving the mucosa- due to its absorptive function. Ex: plicae circulares, villi, microvilli all increase SA for absorption.
Muscularis externa- see next slide

Front 23

Muscularis Externa

Back 23

Two thick layers of smooth muscles
Inner layer- circular, tight spiral
when shorten, lumen diameter will change- it goes around tube
Outer layer- longitudinally oriented layer, loose spiral
Runs length of tract, will shorten when contract- which helps move stuff.
Nervous Innervation (Auerbach's plexis- Myentric Plexis)- located in between the layers.

Front 24

What are the exceptions to muscularis externa's motility?

Back 24

1) 1/3 of upper esophagus and anus- skeletal muscles
2) Large intestine has TENIAE COLI = 3 thickened bands of longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

Front 25

What are tonsils and adenoids?

Back 25

They are the part of the alimentary canal's immune system. Tonsils= ring of lymphatic tissue (nodules / follicles) in back of mouth.
Adenoids- higher up in pharynx to help clear antigens from air.

Front 26

Definition and functions of the IgA antibody, GALT, MALT, Peyer's patches, and M cells.

Back 26

IgA= a secreted specialized antibody that appear in milk and saliva. Tough due to its dimer structure- which can bind to four same antigen at the end site and more resistant than others to digestion.

Front 27

GALT

Back 27

GALT- Gut-associated lymphatic tissue:
diffuse lymphatic tissues and lymphatic nodules in lamina propria of sm and lg intestine

Front 28

MALT

Back 28

Mucous associated lymphatic tissues

Front 29

PEYER'S PATCHES

Back 29

Aggregated GALT- founded in Ileum and Appendix

Front 30

M cells

Back 30

Lymph nodules capped by specialized epithelial cells (FAE- follicle-associated epithelium)
* Have extensive inpocketings of basal membrane containing T and B lymphocytes.
FUNCTION: detect antigen, endocytos them, and expose T & B cells to antigen.

Front 31

What is the muscle composition of the alimentary canal- smooth or striated?

Back 31

Mainly smooth muscles except for the upper 1/3 of the esophagus.

Front 32

What are the three regions of the stomach?

Back 32

Cardiac
Fundic
Pyloric

Front 33

Describe the structure of the small intestine.

Back 33

Small intestine is the longest component of the digestive tract, and is divided into 3 portions:
1) Duodenum- widest part, begins at the pylorus stomach and end at the doudenojejunal junction.
2) Jejunum- begins at the doudenojejunal junction and gradually change structure into ileum.
3) Ileum- ends at the ileocecal junction.

Front 34

What increase the absorptive area of the small intestine?

Back 34

- Plicae circulares- circular folds
- Villi-
-Microvilli- packed! on apical of cell giving it a striated border appearance like.

Front 35

Describe the structure and function of enterocytes.

Back 35

Enterocytes= tall columnar cells with striated borders, microvilli to increase SA. Has tight junction to keep content inside lumen.
FUNCTION: Secrete digestive enzymes

Front 36

What is a lacteal and where is it found?

Back 36

Lacteal is an extension that protrudes out of the villi of the small intestine to further increase absorption,

Front 37

How are the epithelial cells of the stomach and small intestine replaced?

Back 37

In the stomach, it is due to the mitotic activity in the isthmus of the fundic region. Turnover rate= 3-7 days.
In the small intestine: stem cells are "created" in the zone of cell replication in the lower half. Turnover rate = 5-6 days.

Front 38

LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS

Back 38

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Front 39

What are the main functions of the liver?

Back 39

1) produced / secretes circulating plasma proteins.
2) uptake, store, distribute nutrients and vitamins fr bloodstream
3) maintain blood glucose level.
4) degrades / conjugates toxic substances and drugs
5) produce bile secretion- exocrine
6) important endocrine-like functions.

Front 40

Describe the composition of the gall bladder. What is it function? How is the release of bile regulated? What are the stimuli for release?

Back 40

FUNCTION: concentrate and store biles
Release of bile is regulated by hormones of the small intestine in the presence of fat which stimulate contractions of the smooth muscles.
Lumen is lined by simple columnar epithelium.