Histology Exam 4

Front 1

What type of epithelium is the esophagus

Back 1

Stratified squamous cell non ketatinizng

Front 2

What is the submucosa of the esophagus:

Back 2

seromucous glands

Front 3

What are the specialized cells in the epithelium of the esophagus ?

Back 3

Langerhans cells (antigen presenting) lympocytes, merkel cells (neuroendocrine cells)

Front 4

What is the muscularis externa of the esophagus comprised of:

Back 4

Upper: 1/3 skeletal
Middle: 1/3 skeletal and smooth
lower: 1/3 smooth

Front 5

What is the status of lymph nodules in the esophagus:

Back 5

rare but may be encountered along the esophagus

Front 6

What causes barrett's esophagus?

Back 6

chronic inflammation perhaps dude to esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with metaplastic response

Front 7

What can barrett's esophagus cause?

Back 7

Increase risk of carcinoma

Front 8

Esophageal varices occur toward what portions of the esophagus?

Back 8

Lower

Front 9

What do esophageal varices induce?

Back 9

portal hypertension which can lead to life threatening bleeding risks

Front 10

What is the primary treatment for esophageal varices?

Back 10

surgical treatment TIPS-transjugualr intraheptatic portosytematic shunt

Front 11

temporary treatment for esophageal varices is designed to do what? and what tool is usually used

Back 11

stabilize the vessels and usually involves use of esophageal ballon tamponade

Front 12

esophageal junction has what type of epithelium?

Back 12

simple columnar

Front 13

What do glands from the esophagus do?

Back 13

protect the esophagus from acid reflux by secreting bicarbonate, mucous

Front 14

What is is the musclaris mucosa for the stomach

Back 14

inner-circular, outer longitudnal, rugae:

Front 15

What are rugae?

Back 15

folding of mucosal linning that flatten with stomach distention

Front 16

Indentify the type of sumucosa of the stomach?

Back 16

Dense connective tissue and no glands

Front 17

what are the layers of the Musclaris externa for the stomach?

Back 17

Inner: oblique (limtted to views in histo slides)
middle: circular
outer: longitudinal

Front 18

where are cardia and cardiac glands present?

Back 18

only present close to gastro-esophagel junction

Front 19

Parietal cells (oxyntic) are stained in which way?

Back 19

eosinphillic

Front 20

What do parietal cells produce?

Back 20

Hydrogen ions for generation of HCL which activates pepsiongen to produce active pepsin

Front 21

what do parietal cells synthesize?

Back 21

intrinstic factor

Front 22

what is the purpose of the instrinsic factor

Back 22

to allow the abosoportion of b12 in the small intestine and necessary for red blood cell maturation

Front 23

what happens if intrinisic factors are lost?

Back 23

pernicious anemia

Front 24

where are intrinsic factors sent to?

Back 24

ileum

Front 25

Chief cells (zymogenic) are stained in which way

Back 25

Basophillic

Front 26

What do chief cells produce

Back 26

pepsiongen

Front 27

Generate HCL:

Back 27

Generate HCl: CO2 + H2O------>H+ + HCO3-
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Front 28

In parietal cell's where does K+ and cl- exit the cell

Back 28

into the cannilculli

Front 29

what type of pump do parietal cells use?
Is it is with or against the concentration gradient?

Back 29

H+/K+ pump ATPase
against

Front 30

In parietal cells histamine is realsed from what type of cells?

Back 30

enterochromaffin cells (ECL cells)

Front 31

what type of cells release gastrin?

Back 31

enteroendrocrine cells( G cells)

Front 32

what section of the partietal cell is bicarbonate exchanged?

Back 32

basal side

Front 33

Why are chief cells heavily basophilic?

Back 33

due to high volume of rER

Front 34

What intitates pepsinogen release?

Back 34

gastrin

Front 35

Gastrin is released by what nerve

Back 35

Vagus

Front 36

what type of glands secrete a bicarbonate rich solution to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine?

Back 36

Brunner's glands

Front 37

Where do all stems of the gi system reside?

Back 37

in the crypts adjacent to paneth cells

Front 38

where does the vast majority of colon cancers begin

Back 38

in the crypts

Front 39

enterocytes produce?

Back 39

Secretory Piece

Front 40

What do seceretory pieces do?

Back 40

Allows dimeric secretory IGA to be escorted through the cells to lumen. Protecting it from intra and extracelluar degradation.

Front 41

IgA is produced by

Back 41

plasma cells

Front 42

pancreatic zymogens are absorbed onto the?

Back 42

glyocalyx

Front 43

what is so significant about the glyocalyx?

Back 43

it is critical for intestinal absorption

Front 44

What type of enzymes does it harbor?

Back 44

converting carbohydrates to disaccharide and monosaccharides. breaks down short-chain peptides their constituent amino acids

Front 45

What type of cells produce enterokinase?

Back 45

enterocytes

Front 46

enterocytes activate which zymogen

Back 46

they convert tyrpinsogen to trypsin

Front 47

what part of the small intestine are goblet most numerous

Back 47

illeum

Front 48

what is the function of glycoprotien mucins

Back 48

used to lubricate and protect intestinal lining

Front 49

what type of cells produce glycoprotien mucins?

Back 49

goblet cells

Front 50

which cells have larger secretory granules than enteroendocrine cells?

Back 50

paneth cells

Front 51

What do paneth cells secrete?

Back 51

Lysozome, phospholipase A2, Defensin peptide

Front 52

Lysozome, phospholipase A2 and defensin peptide primary fucntions are to?

Back 52

breakdown bacterial cell walls

Front 53

Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones exerting what type of effects on digestion?

Back 53

paracrine and endocrine

Front 54

stem cells are always adjacent to?

Back 54

Paneth cells

Front 55

what type of signaling molecules do paneth cells secrete?

Back 55

Wnt, EGF, and notch ligands

Front 56

Paneth or enteroendocrine cell granules are located apically?

Back 56

Paneth granuels

Front 57

Paneth or enteroendocrine cell granules are located basally?

Back 57

Enteroendocrine granules

Front 58

which section of the small intestine has the longest villi?

Back 58

jejunum

Front 59

In the jejunum, what type of glands are missing?

Back 59

brunner's glands

Front 60

the contents of the jejenum are always?

Back 60

isotonic

Front 61

what happens if the entire jejunum is lost?

Back 61

illeum will take over absorptive roles

Front 62

Enamel covers the

Back 62

crown

Front 63

what is the hardest tissue

Back 63

Enamel 96% hydroxapatite

Front 64

What is the organization of enamel

Back 64

6 enamel rods

Front 65

enamel is a product of?

Back 65

ameloblasts

Front 66

why are the six enamel rods oriented perpendicular to the tooth surface?

Back 66

strength

Front 67

what are caries? and what are their purpose?

Back 67

bacteria (streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli) convert carbohydrates into acids

Front 68

what are tooth cavities caused by?

Back 68

tooth cavites are caused when acids deminerlize enamel hydroxyapatte

Front 69

what is the cause of tetracycline teeth?

Back 69

tetracyline antibiotic intake before 8 years old or through pregnant mother

Front 70

tetracycline antibiotic does what?

Back 70

chelates Calcium and incorprates it into hydroxyapatite

Front 71

what is product of odontoblasts?

Back 71

dentin

Front 72

what type of matrix do odontoblasts lie down

Back 72

predentin

Front 73

what is the composition of dentin

Back 73

68% hyroxapatite and type I collagen

Front 74

Primary dentin is produced:

Back 74

before eruption

Front 75

secondary dentin produced:

Back 75

after eruption

Front 76

tertiary dentin produced:

Back 76

in response to irriation

Front 77

Odontoblast processes extend into the?

Back 77

dential tublues

Front 78

why are odontoblasts processes extending into the dentinal tubules?

Back 78

odontoblasts move pulpward as they produce dentin but leave their processes behind

Front 79

What all structures extend into the dental tubules

Back 79

fiber nerve endings( pain fibers) and odontoblasts

Front 80

Hydrodynamic mechanism is induced how?

Back 80

thermally induced movement dentinal fluid

Front 81

where does the pulp lie

Back 81

a restricted rigid chamber

Front 82

what type of tissue is pulp?

Back 82

very celluar loose connective tissue

Front 83

what structure of the tooth is a rich supply of small vessels and nerves?

Back 83

pulp

Front 84

Which tooth structure or structures is/are avascular?

Back 84

enamel and dentin

Front 85

A- delta fibers create

Back 85

sharp pain

Front 86

C-fibers create

Back 86

dull poorly localized pain, which we associate with toothaches

Front 87

Teeth are supplied with what type of fibers

Back 87

pain and sympathetic

Front 88

A delta fibers are assoicated the

Back 88

dentin

Front 89

primary defintion: erupts between
Primary detention erupts between

Back 89

6 months to 3 years
6 years and 25 years

Front 90

B cells are expressing B cell receptors (BCR) capable of recognizing both?

Back 90

soluble and membrane-bound antigens.

Front 91

Upon activation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are dedicated to synthesize?

Back 91

antibodies (the soluble forms of the B cell receptors).

Front 92

TH cells express T cell receptors (TCR) and ?

Back 92

CD4

Front 93

TCRs recognize antigens presented on cell surface by

Back 93

class II MHC complex.

Front 94

which one of these statments is untrue about how TH cells are crucial for defense against both extracellular and intracellular pathogens?

help to activate TC cells to kill virus infected target cells
stimulate B cells to make antibodies to activate or eliminate extracellular pathogens [TH2]
activate macrophages to destroy intracellular pathogens multiplying within the phagosomes [TH1]
also stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) to remain in an activated state
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Back 94

stimulate B cells to make antibodies to activate or eliminate extracellular pathogens [TH2]

Front 95

T cell receptor (TCR) complexes. Recognize antigens only if they are presented by?

Back 95

histocompatibility complex Class I and II (MHC-I and MHC-II) molecules.

Front 96

The ‘cytoplasmic tail’ of a BCR is too short to initiate signaling on its own, how does it initiate a signaling cascade?

Back 96

it relies on coreceptors and adapter molecules

Front 97

Antibodies (Abs) are produced in what types of forms:

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Back 97

either secreted or membrane-bound forms.

Front 98

In Membrane-bound ABs serve as B cell receptors that initiate?

Back 98

the antigen-triggered activation of B cells,

Front 99

while secreted Abs function as

Back 99

mediators of humoral immunity.

Front 100

CD4 is expressed on:

Back 100

TH (helper) cells and binds MHC Class II molecules

Front 101

CD8 is expressed on:

Back 101

TC (cytolytic) cells and binds MHC Class I molecules

Front 102

in the process called V(D)J recombination� how are things arranged

Back 102

randomly

Front 103

Antigen Receptor Gene Rearrangements occu�r primarly in?

Back 103

lymphoid organs (thymus bone barrow)

Front 104

Antigen Receptor gene rearragnments do or do not rely on the presence of antigens?

Back 104

they do not. they are antigen independent

Front 105

What are naive matured lymphocytes:

Back 105

lymphocytes that left the primary lymphoid organs with fully capable receptors, but have not yet encountered with their cognate antigen
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Front 106

each lymphocyte expresses a cell-surface receptor that is specific for a particular ‘________ antigen �

Back 106

abstract

Front 107

where does a lymphocyte generally encounter its specific antigen

Back 107

perphial lymphoid organ

Front 108

multiple sets of lymphocytes (clones) are generated, with varying affinity and specificity to the antigen that incited the immune response is referred to as?
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Back 108

polyclonal

Front 109

identify the ogran two parts

Back 109

Pyloric stomach (left)
Right (duodenum)

Front 110

1)identify the organ?
2) what type of glands are on the bottom

Back 110

1) duodenum
2) brunners gland

Front 111

1) what is the classification of this epithelium

Back 111

1) duodenum epithelium (eneroyctes)

Front 112

1) identify this structure?
2) what type of cells are in its lamina propina?
3) what type of tissue

Back 112

1) central lacteal
2) endothelial cells, lymphocytes, etc.
3) connective tiissue
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Front 113

What is the plicae circularis?

Back 113

a fold of intestinal wall that increases surface area beyond that obtained via villi.
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Front 114

where is plicae circularis most abundant

Back 114

jejunum

Front 115

1) identify the organ
2) Identify the large circular structure to the left?
3) what up the projecting pinpoint structure?

Back 115

1)illeum
2) peyer's patches
3) plicae circularis

Front 116

the ileum is involved in the absorption of?

Back 116

Involved in absorption of bile salts (essential for absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins) and vitamin B12 �

Front 117

60-70% of all immune system cells of the body reside in the intestines. �true or false

Back 117

True

Front 118

Ileum is most important for conservation of?

Back 118

). Ileum is most important for conservation of fluid and electrolytes
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Front 119

Loss of bile salts recycling following ileal resection leads to less _________, and affects ability of _________ to reabsorb water and salt, leading to chronic diarrhea
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Back 119

fat reabsorption
Colondoyctes

Front 120

what are the prominent strctures missing from the appendix that are present is the illeum and jejenum?

Back 120

villi and crypts

Front 121

identify the organ?

Back 121

appendix

Front 122

what cells are present in appendix?

Back 122

Enteroycytes, goblet cells, and m cells

Front 123

1) identify the organ?
2) What structures are missing from this organ?

Back 123

1) Colon
2) vili and Plicae

Front 124

which of the following is not antigen presenting cell?Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
macrophages
Langerhan’s cells
T helper cells
dendritic cells

Back 124

T helper cells

Front 125

What are the two primary functions of APC (antigen presenting cells)?

Back 125

phagocytosis
antigen presenting cell

Front 126

T cells effectors are_________ and deal with with type of organisms?

Back 126

cells
intracelluar pathogens (viruses and carcinomas)

Front 127

B cells effectors are_________ and deal with with type of organisms?

Back 127

antibody molecules
extracelluar pathogens
bacteria, opsonize targets

Front 128

Binding of antigen binding site of antibody with antigen causes the following for
Neutralization:

Back 128

cover or coat

Front 129

Binding of antigen binding site of antibody with antigen causes the following for
Agglutnination:

Back 129

cross linking cells forming a clump

Front 130

Binding of antigen binding site of antibody with antigen causes the following for
Precipitation:

Back 130

preciptiation

Front 131

where is thymus located?

Back 131

anterior superior mediastinum

Front 132

What epitheliorectiular cells are associated with the cortex

Back 132

type 1-3

Front 133

1) Type I erc shape of cells are:
2) what type of junctions do type 1 cells have?
separate thymic parenchyma from CT capsule & vessels;
functional isolation of devel T cells from CT & vessels

Back 133

1) squamous cells
2 z. occludens & desmosomes

Front 134

Type II cells are what type:

Back 134

stellate cells with long cytoplasmic process

Front 135

Type II cells express what type of anitigen

Back 135

MHC-1 and MHC-2

Front 136

type iv cells contriubte to barrier what type of junction?

Back 136

ctx/medulla junction

Front 137

type 3 express which type of anitgens

Back 137

MHC I and MHC II

Front 138

Which epithelioreteciluar cells are found in the medulla

Back 138

4-6

Front 139

what type of epithelioretcular cellscontain keratohyalin granules, intermed filaments, lipid droplets; desmosomally connected & concentrically arranged to form Hassall’s corpuscles; keratinization may be evident in thymic corpuscle center; secrete cytokines for : i) local dendritic cell activity control ii) thymic education -- IL-4 and IL-7

Back 139

type VI

Front 140

type VI--keratinization may be evident in ______ corpuscle center; secrete __________ for : i) local dendritic cell activity control ii) thymic education -- IL-4 and IL-7
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Back 140

thymic
cytokines
IL-4 and Il-7

Front 141

which types of epitheliorectial cells use z occulends

Back 141

Type 1, 3, 4

Front 142

which type of epitheliorectal cells use desmosomes?

Back 142

Type 1, 2, and 5

Front 143

what is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier:

Back 143

prevents lymphocytes that
reach the cortex from
interacting with antigens

Front 144

what are the components of the blood thymus barrier?

Back 144

type I ercs w/ occlud junctions
+ basement membrane
2. perivascular CT + macrophages
(can phagocytose antigens that
escape capillaries)
3. endothelium w/ occluding junc.;
+ basement membrane and
ocassional pericyte

Front 145

1) identify organ
2) what is the light region?
3) what is the dark region?

Back 145

1) thymus
2) medulla
3) cortex

Front 146

identify the cell pointed by white arrow?

Back 146

eptheliorectiular cell

Front 147

identify the red structure?

Back 147

Hassall's corpsule

Front 148

what does the hassall's corpsule produce?

Back 148

interulukin 4 and 7

Front 149

what is the purpose of interulkin 4 and 7

Back 149

- thymic differentiation
- T lymphocyte education

Front 150

medullary erc’s (merc’s) express
transcription factor :

Back 150

AIRE

Front 151

what does AIRE do?

Back 151

controls merc differentiation program that
allows tissue-restricted antigens to be
expressed, required for self-tolerance

Front 152

what a defect in the AIRE signify?

Back 152

autoimmune
polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1)-
dysfunction of multiple endocrine glands
due to autoimmunity

Front 153

What is the difference between positive and negative cell selection?

Back 153

in positive selection if binding does not occur the cell dies apoptosis. uses cortical epithelal cells. Negative is the reverse and use dendritic cells.

Front 154

how do t cells exit the thymus?

Back 154

via postcapillary venules at the corticomedullary junction and medulla
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Front 155

where is lymphoid tissue found?

Back 155

Found in alimentary canal, respiratory passages, genitourinary tract
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Front 156

1) Lympathtic Nodules- are supported by?
2) do they have a complete capsule?
3) how nodules usually dispersed

-

Back 156

1) reticular cell meshwork
2) no complete capsule; some partially encapsulated
3) randomly dispersed singly or locally clustered
(tonsils, Peyer’s patches, vermiform appendix)

Front 157

what is the difference between the a primary lymph nodule and secondary?

Back 157

Primary are mostly small and secondary are usually around germ centers

Front 158

1) describe the mantle and what types cells are in it?

Back 158

• darkly-stained rim surrounding germinal center • contains darkly-stained resting B cells, TH cells,
macrophages and dendritic cells

Front 159

lymph nodule has no afferent or efferent lymphatics
what type of cells are in the lymph nodule

Back 159

afferent
b cell

Front 160

what do germinal centers form

Back 160

post-antigen recognition by lymphocytes & return of lympho’s to 1o nodule to proliferate
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Front 161

what are the contents of the germinal center?

Back 161

- many euchromatic immature
lymphocytes (lymphoblasts
and plasmoblasts) –
contributes to lightly-stained
appearance
- follicular dendritic cells
dispersed between B
lymphocytes

Front 162

what are the tonsils and where are they located?

Back 162

they are a large irregular mass of lymphoid tissue and located mucosa of posterior oral cavity and nasal pharynx
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Front 163

identify organ on left

Back 163

palatine tonisl

Front 164

indentify organ on righ

Back 164

pharyngeal tonsil

Front 165

what is the difference in epithelium between palanine tonsil and a pharyngeal tonsil

Back 165

palatine- stratified squamous epithelium
pharyngeal-respitorary epithelium (psuedo stratified cilliated columnar)

Front 166

lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) is important because?
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Back 166

Only site in gut epithelium that is permeable to macromolecules and microorganisms
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Front 167

what are some autoimmune diseases associated with b lymphocytes?

Back 167

hyperthyroidism (Graves’disease)
antibodies to thyroid hormone receptor stimulate
the receptor

Front 168

what are some autoimmune diseases associated with t lymphocytes?

Back 168

- CD8+-autoimmune diseases
based on aberrant recognition of “self”antigen
example: multiple sclerosis
Cytotoxic T cells attack myelin sheaths in CNS

Front 169

where is the palatine tonsil located?

Back 169

opposite side of oropharnyx

Front 170

what is it covered by?

Back 170

SSNK epithelium

Front 171

what is considered the first line of defense against the bacteria entering the oral cavity?

Back 171

palantine tonsil

Front 172

do palantine and pharyngeal tonsils have CT capsules?

Back 172

palatine-underyling dense CT that as a partial CT capsule
pharyngeal-thin underlying capsule