Histology Exam 3

Front 1

In the matrix of hyaline cartilage (the most common type) this is the most common type of collagen.

Back 1

collagen type II

Front 2

Chondrocytes are located in these matrix cavities, where they synthesize and secrete ECM.

Back 2

lacunae

Front 3

Two components of elastic cartilage matrix.

Back 3

collagen type II & elastic fibers

Front 4

Fibrocartilage is present in regions of the body subjected to pulling forces, is characterized by a matrix containing a dense network of this collagen.

Back 4

collagen type I

Front 5

Type of cartilage that covers the surfaces of bones in movable joints, is devoid of perichondrium and is sustained by the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the synovial fluid.

Back 5

articular cartilage

Front 6

A sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places. Contains vasculature.

Back 6

perichondrium

Front 7

The inner layer of perichondrium contains this cell type

Back 7

chondrogenic (stem) cells

Front 8

A disease resulting in the inflammation of the perichondrium, often from trauma or infection from piercings. May result in fibrosis, causing deformed appearance (e.g., cauliflower ear).

Back 8

Perichondritis

Front 9

These cells arise from multipotent mesenchymal cells that also give rise to bone cell progenitors.These cells give rise to cartilage cell lineage

Back 9

chondrogenic cells

Front 10

These cells secrete ECM on cartilage surface. Derived from chondrogenic cells. Present in growing cartilage near perichondrium.

Back 10

chondroblasts (immature condrocytes)

Front 11

Term for clusters of recently divided chondrocytes.

Back 11

isogenous groups

Front 12

These cells are large centrally-located in growing cartilage. Predominant cell type in adult cartilage.

Back 12

chondrocytes

Front 13

These cells are responsible for the growth & maintenance of cartilage. They secrete/digest ECM components and are mechanosensitive (regulate ECM synthesis).
-mitotic

Back 13

chondrocytes

Front 14

Basophilic RER and negative Golgi are distinguishing features of this type of cartilage cell.

Back 14

Chondrocyte

Front 15

Growth on a surface

Back 15

appositional growth

Front 16

Growth from within

Back 16

interstitial growth

Front 17

malformation of bone from a cartilage precursor

Back 17

Chondrodysostosis

Front 18

faulty development of cartilage (e.g., achondroplasia)

Back 18

Chondrodysplasia

Front 19

Cartilage ECM is composed of these two substances.

Back 19

Fibers & Ground Substance

Front 20

The ground substance provides these features (3).

Back 20

resist compression, resilience, mechanosensory

Front 21

Fibers in cartilage ECM provides this feature.

Back 21

resist tension

Front 22

Type II collagen fibrils is found in these types of cartilage.

Back 22

ALL types of cartilage

Front 23

Type I collagen fibers is found in this type of cartilage.

Back 23

fibrocartilage ONLY

Front 24

Elastic fibers is found in this type of cartilage.

Back 24

elastic cartilage ONLY

Front 25

PGs and PG aggregates are found in this type of cartilage.

Back 25

ALL types of cartilage

Front 26

Multiadhesive glycoproteins is found in this type of cartilage.

Back 26

ALL types of cartilage

Front 27

The integration of Type II fibrils and PG aggregates (mostly aggrecan) provides these two features.

Back 27

resists tension AND compression; regulates movement through tissue

Front 28

The two major roles of Multiadhesive glycoproteins.

Back 28

helps bind cells to ECM; mechanosensory (-aid in regulation of ECM synthesis in response to tissue strain)

Front 29

A ring of more densely staining matrix located immediately around a chondrocyte cell. Contains a high concentrations of GAGs & PGs.

Back 29

capsular (pericellular) matrix

Front 30

This matrix is more removed from the immediate vicinity of chondrocyte. It surrounds the isogenous group and is basophilic.

Back 30

Territorial matrix

Front 31

The region that territorial matrix occupies/ the space between groups of chondrocytes. Furthest away from chondrocytes. It is light staining, indicating more collagen.

Back 31

Interterritorial matrix

Front 32

These two characteristics of cartilage explains its limited ability to repair damage.

Back 32

avascular, poor chondrocyte mobility

Front 33

Cartilage repair is initiated at this site.

Back 33

perichondrium

Front 34

Because cartilage has limited ability for repair, damaged to the cartilage can results in (3):

Back 34

scar tissue deposition, bone formation, or degeneration(e.g., osteoarthritis)

Front 35

Hyaline cartilage is found in these sites(7):

Back 35

Synovial joints
Costal cartilages
Nose
Larynx
Trachea, bronchi
Embryonic skeleton
Growth plate

Front 36

The main function of hyaline cartilage is this.

Back 36

Structural support
-resists compression

Front 37

Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage. However, perichondrium is not present in these areas.

Back 37

Articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, growth plates

Front 38

Elastic cartilage is found in these sites (4).

Back 38

Pinna of external ear
External auditory meatus
Auditory tube
Larynx

Front 39

The function of elastic cartilage.

Back 39

Structural support
-elasticity, resist compression

Front 40

Elastic cartilage can best be visualized with this stain.

Back 40

orcein

Front 41

Fibrocartilage is found in these sites (4):

Back 41

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Tendon/ligament insertions
Menisci

Front 42

The function of fibrocartilage.

Back 42

Structural support
-resist compression & tension

Front 43

Histologically, fibrocartilage can be distinguished from dense CT by these two features.

Back 43

Fibrocartilage vs. Dense CT
-chondrocytes: rounder, often in isogenous groups
-basophilic matrix around cells (GAG’s)

Front 44

These are the five designated cell types associated with bone tissue.

Back 44

Osteoprogenitor cell (stem)
Osteoblast(synthesize)
Bone-lining cell (line)
Osteocyte(maintain)
Osteoclast(resorb)

Front 45

Three important general CHARACTERISTICS of bone.

Back 45

Specialized CT (rigid; mineralized ECM)
Dynamic tissue: responds to strain
Highly vascular; innervated

Front 46

Functions of bone (3):

Back 46

structural support
store minerals (e.g., 99% of Ca)
house hematopoietic tissue

Front 47

Layer of dense CT surrounding bone except at articular surfaces; vascular.

Back 47

periosteum

Front 48

The inner layer of this connective tissue contains osteoprogenitor (stem) cells.

Back 48

periosteum

Front 49

Tendons & ligaments attach to bone via this CT

Back 49

periosteum

Front 50

Term for Type I collagen fibers of the periosteum embedded firmly in bone. Associated with Avulsion fractures.

Back 50

Perforating fibers (or Sharpey’s fibers)

Front 51

Bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.

Back 51

Avulsion fractures

Front 52

A monolayer of cells covers this surface of the medullary cavity.

Back 52

endosteum

Front 53

osteocytes & bone-lining cells are derived from this cell

Back 53

osteoblast

Front 54

osteoblasts are derived from this cell

Back 54

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 55

In bone surfaces: periosteum, endosteum, or lining central canals (neurovascular channels), these types of cell can be found.

Back 55

osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
bone-lining cells
osteoclasts

Front 56

This bone cell type resides with lacunae surrounded by bone ECM

Back 56

osteocyte

Front 57

osteoprogenitor cells are derived from this cell type

Back 57

mesenchymal cell

Front 58

These are stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts. They arise from multipotent mesenchymal cells that also give rise to chondrogenic cells.
They Reside on bone surfaces

Back 58

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Front 59

This cell arises from osteoprogenitor cells; give rise to bone-lining cells/osteocytes.

Back 59

Osteoblasts

Front 60

This cell synthesizes & mineralize bone ECM, is polarized; has extensive rER, Golgi

Back 60

Osteoblasts

Front 61

Quiescent osteoblasts: flattened cell, condensed nucleus. Occupy bone surfaces where no formation /resorption is occurring

Back 61

Bone-Lining Cells

Front 62

Former osteoblasts surrounded by bone ECM. Reside in lacunae: amitotic; no interstitial growth

Back 62

Osteocytes

Front 63

These cells signal other bone cells to form/ resorb bone (little rER, Golgi) mechanosensitive (adaptation to stress); calcium homeostasis. They possess cytoplasmic process for gap junctions.

Back 63

osteocyte

Front 64

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, but not these cells, communicate with each other via gap junctions.

Back 64

osteoclast

Front 65

Small, fluid-filled channels in bone used to connect cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes to bone cells on bone surfaces

Back 65

canaliculi

Front 66

Two portions of Bone ECM Composition

Back 66

Organic portion; Inorganic (mineral) portion

Front 67

Bone ECM is composed of an organic and inorganic portion. The purpose of the organic portion is to __. The purpose of the inorganic portion is to __.

Back 67

resists tension, resists compression

Front 68

Purpose of inorganic portion of bone.

Back 68

resists compression
Hydroxyapatite crystals arranged along the collagen fibers

Front 69

Mineralization of bone can be especially slow if (3):

Back 69

low vitamin D, low calcium, renal failure

Front 70

Bone cell types (5).

Back 70

Osteoprogenitor cell (stem)
Osteoblast(synthesize)
Bone-lining cell (line)
Osteocyte(maintain)
Osteoclast(resorb)

Front 71

Protein cytokine secreted by stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and T lymphocytes (during inflammation) to promote osteoclastogenesis.

Back 71

RANKL

Front 72

A cytokine receptor secreted by osteocytes & osteoblasts that inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts.

Back 72

OPG

Front 73

This cytokine receptor is used to treat bone loss by binding to RANKL,

Back 73

OPG

Front 74

A cytokine which stimulates the osteoclast precursor cell to differentiate into an inactive osteoclast.

Back 74

RANKL

Front 75

Bone remodeling is the result of the coupled action of osteoblasts & osteoclasts to replace bone (resorption followed by formation), This serves two major purposes.

Back 75

repairs damage,
adaptation to stress

Front 76

When activated by RANKL to resorb bone, osteoclasts become polarized forming these three regions.

Back 76

-clear zone:
-ruffled border:
-basolateral region

Front 77

A region of a polarized osteoclast. It contains lytic secretions and serves to adhere the cell to the bone.

Back 77

clear zone

Front 78

A region of a polarized osteoclast. It's folds increase surface area for resorption

Back 78

ruffled border

Front 79

A region of a polarized osteoclast, where digested material is exocytosed

Back 79

basolateral region

Front 80

During bone resorption, the osteoclast degrades the mineral matrix using this.

Back 80

acid (proton pumps)

Front 81

During bone resorption, the osteoclast degrades the organic matrix using this.

Back 81

secreted lysosomal enzymes

Front 82

In an active osteoclast, material is endocytosed at the __, degraded in __ , exocytosed at the __ , and taken up by blood

basolateral region / ruffled border / lysosomes,

Back 82

ruffled border, lysosomes, basolateral region

Front 83

Hormone released from thyroid gland (C-cells), which inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts.

Back 83

Calcitonin

Front 84

A hormone released from the thyroid gland which decreases blood calcium.

Back 84

Calcitonin

Front 85

Hormone released from parathyroid gland. Promotes osteoblasts to secrete RANKL.

Back 85

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 86

Hormone released from the parathyroid. Increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption.

Back 86

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 87

Increased bone loss and kidney stones may be caused by an excessive production of this hormone.

Back 87

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 88

Hormone released from gonads osteoblasts. Maintains bone mass.

Back 88

estrogen

Front 89

Estrogen helps maintains bone mass by __(promoting/inhibiting) osteoblast apoptosis and __ (promoting/inhibiting) osteoclast precursor apoptosis.

Back 89

inhibiting , promoting

Front 90

Bone remodeling is normally balanced:
resorption = formation. This condition develops when the rate of resorption is greater than the rate of formation.

Back 90

Osteopenia / osteoporosis

Front 91

Bone remodeling is normally balanced:
resorption = formation. This condition develops when the rate of formation is greater than the rate of resorption.

Back 91

Osteosclerosis/ osteopetrosis

Front 92

This abnormal condition of bone remodeling characterized by:
-greater resorption than formation
-decreased bone mass
-increased bone weakness

Back 92

Osteopenia / osteoporosis

Front 93

This abnormal condition of bone remodeling is characterized by:
-greater formation than resorption
-increased bone mass
-increased bone fragility

Back 93

Osteosclerosis/ osteopetrosis

Front 94

The major functions of integument (5).

Back 94

protection
sensation
thermoregulation
immunologic function
vitamin D production

Front 95

Derivatives of epidermis (5).

Back 95

hair, sebaceous glands, sweat (sudoriferous) glands, nails,
and mammary glands

Front 96

Term for integument (skin, cutis) and its derivatives.

Back 96

integument system

Front 97

Inclusive term for epidermis and dermis.

Back 97

integument

Front 98

Term for subcutaneous fascia (superficial fascia), which is not part of the integument.

Back 98

hypodermis

Front 99

Layer of integument that is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Back 99

epidermis

Front 100

Layer of integument that is loose and dense connective tissue.

Back 100

dermis

Front 101

These two features of the dermal layer contributes to the fingerprint.

Back 101

integument grooves and ridges
each person genetically unique

Front 102

Thick and thin “skin” refers to thickness of epidermal layer. The thickest epidermal layer is found in these two areas of the body.

Back 102

hairless palms of hands, soles of feet

Front 103

The four layers of integument.

Back 103

epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Front 104

This layer of integument contains extensive cell junctions of desmosomes hemidesmosomes.

Back 104

stratum basale

Front 105

Cuboidal to low columnar cells stem cells, which are mitotically active integument layer.

Back 105

stratum basale

Front 106

Several layers of mitotically inactive cuboidal to squamous cells make up this integument layer.

Back 106

stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)

Front 107

Cytoplasmic processes (spines) and
desmosomes (nodes of Bizzozero) are associated with this integument layer.

Back 107

stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)

Front 108

Epidermal layer composed of 1-3 layers of squamous cells. They retain nuclei. Keratohyalin granules may be seen.

Back 108

stratum granulosum

Front 109

This epidermal layer is of variable thickness and composed of layer squamous cells that are anucleate and keratinzed.

Back 109

stratum corneum

Front 110

These two layers compose the dermis.

Back 110

papillary layer
reticular layer

Front 111

This dermal layer is composed of loose connective tissue and is more cellular than the deeper layer.

Back 111

papillary layer

Front 112

The papillary layer contains these types (3) of collagen fibers.

Back 112

thin collagen fibers (I, III)
finer elastic fibers

Front 113

Thin collagen fibers (I, III) and finer elastic fibers compose this layer of the dermis.

Back 113

papillary layer

Front 114

This dermal layer is characterized by dense connective tissue, thick collagen fibers (I), coarse elastic fibers.

Back 114

reticular layer

Front 115

Thin collagen fibers (I, III) are found in this dermal layer.

Back 115

papillary layer

Front 116

Thick collagen fibers (I) are found in this dermal layer.

Back 116

reticular layer

Front 117

During the process of wound healing, the cells of this epidermal layer undergo increased mitosis

Back 117

stratum basaleramps

Front 118

Surgical incisions parallel to Langer’s lines heal faster. Langer’s lines are the parallel arrangement of __ and __.

Back 118

collagen and elastic fibers

Front 119

Another name for keratin filaments. They are classified as intermediate filaments.

Back 119

tonofilaments

Front 120

As keratinocytes differentiate and move outward they bundle tonofilaments into __.

Back 120

tonofibrils

Front 121

Structure which contains intermediate filament-associated proteins like filaggrin.

Back 121

keratohyalin granules

Front 122

Ssecretory organelles produced by keratinocytes. Helps form water barrier between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum.

Back 122

lemellar bodies

Front 123

Integument pigmentation determined by ___ of keratinocytes

Back 123

melanin content

Front 124

Melanocytes are derived from this embryonic tissue__ __, where they migrate to the stratum basale.

Back 124

neural crest

Front 125

The ABCD rule is used to determine the symptoms of melanoma.
ABCD stands for:

Back 125

asymmetrical shape of lesion
border of lesion is irregular
color variations
diameter greater than 6 mm

Front 126

Langerhan’s cells are antigen-presenting cells of the stratum spinosum. They originate from _.

Back 126

bone marrow

Front 127

A histological feature of Langerhan's cells.

Back 127

birbeck granules, indented nucleus

Front 128

Merkel’s cells located in this epidermal layer.

Back 128

stratum basale

Front 129

Merkel's cells synapse with these type of neurons

Back 129

pseudounipolarneurons

Front 130

Merkel's cells are most abundant in this area.

Back 130

fingertips

Front 131

A histological feature of Merkel's cells.

Back 131

contain dense-cored neurosecretorygranules

Front 132

Free nerve endings are the most numerous neuronal receptors in the epidermis. They sense (3):

Back 132

pain
temperature
tactile

Front 133

Type of sensation detected by Pacinian corpusucles :

Back 133

deep pressure, vibration

Front 134

Type of sensation detected by Meissner's corpusucles :

Back 134

tactile

Front 135

Type of sensation detected by Ruffini's corpusucles

Back 135

tactile

Front 136

Type of sensation detected by Merkel's cell.

Back 136

tactile

Front 137

Pacinian corpusucles are found in this layer of the dermis.

Back 137

reticular layer

Front 138

Meissner's corpusucles are found in this layer of the dermis.

Back 138

papillary layer (also called papillary corpusucles)

Front 139

Hair is an epidermal derivative. It's color is determined by:

Back 139

melanin content and type

Front 140

These cells can be demonstrated using immunostaining with antibodies against CD1a, a surface antigen.

Back 140

Langerhan's cell

Front 141

This cell has small neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm and makes contact with a peripheral terminal of a neuron. This cell is most likely a:

Back 141

Merkel's Cell

Front 142

Sebum is secreted through this structure of the hair follicle.

Back 142

pilosebaceous canal

Front 143

The innervation of eccrine sweat glands.

Back 143

sympathetic cholinergic (ACh)

Front 144

The innervation of apocrine sweat glands.

Back 144

sympathetic adrenergic (NE)

Front 145

Eccrine sweat glands are associated with these (3) cell types.

Back 145

Clear cells
Dark cells
Myoepithelial cells

Front 146

Anatomic locations associated with apocrine sweat glands.

Back 146

primarily axilla, anus, and external genitalia, associated with hair follicles

Front 147

Sweat glands that are small lumen, simple and coiled glands that regulate body temperature.

Back 147

eccrine sweat gland

Front 148

Sweat glands that are large-lumen tubular glands associated with hair follicles.

Back 148

apocrine sweat glands

Front 149

Contraction of these cells is responsible for rapid expression of sweat from an eccrine gland.

Back 149

myoepithelial cell

Front 150

This cell is characterized by abundant RER, secretory granules, large Golgi. Apical cytoplasm, which lines lumen surface, numerous contains secretory granules.

Back 150

Dark cells

Front 151

This cell would stain intensely with PAS. Numerous mitochondria, sER, small Golgi. Plasmic membrane contains cytoplasmic folds. Adjacent to intercellular canaliculi

Back 151

Clear cells

Front 152

Factor synthesized by epiblast to control epiblast cell migration and specification toward primitive streak.

Back 152

FGF8

Front 153

At the end of this week of development, the limb buds are visible as outpocketings from the centrolateral body wall.

Back 153

4th week

Front 154

Ectoderm at the distal border of the limb, that thickens.

Back 154

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

Front 155

Limb "paddles" form during this week.

Back 155

by 6 weeks

Front 156

Vertebral level for upper limb bud.

Back 156

C4-T2

Front 157

Vertebral level for lower limb bud.

Back 157

L1-S2

Front 158

Used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root

Back 158

myotome

Front 159

A group of tissues formed from somites that develop into the body wall muscle. Divides into a dorsal epaxial part and a ventral hypaxial part.

Back 159

myotome

Front 160

If the myoblast migrate to the head region the connective tissue controlling it's muscle formation will be:

Back 160

neural crest cells

Front 161

If the myoblast migrate to the occipital/cervical region the connective tissue controlling it's muscle formation will be:

Back 161

somitic mesoderm of pariatal mesoderm

Front 162

If the myoblast migrate to the body wall & limbs, region the connective tissue controlling it's muscle formation will be:

Back 162

somatic mesoderm of lateral plate mesoderm

Front 163

upper limb bud vertebral length

Back 163

C4-T2

Front 164

lower limb bud vertebral length

Back 164

L1-S2