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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a uriniferous tubule?
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nephron + collecting tubule
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How much urine is excreted daily?
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2 liters
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How much blood is filtered every minute?
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1220 mL
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How much filtrate is formed each minute?
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125 mL
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How much filtrate is formed every day?
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180 Liters
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What are the organs of the urinary system?
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Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
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What is a nephron composed of?
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tubule system (proximal convoluted tubule, thick descending limb of Henle, Thin limb of Henle, thick ascending limb of Henle, distal convoluted tubule) + renal corpuscle
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How many nephrons are in each kidney?
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2 million
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What is the approximate diameter of a renal corpuscle?
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200 microns
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What are the 2 types of nephrons and the approximate percentage of each?
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cortical nephrons (85%)
juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)-located near the coricomedullary junction |
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What is Bowman's capsule?
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the double-walled epithelial capsule that surrounds the glomerulus
-is part of the renal corpuscle |
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What is the glomerulus?
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a tuft of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle
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What is another name for the external layer of the renal corpuscle?
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Parietal layer of Bowman's capsule (made of simple squamous epithelium)
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What is the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle?
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Where afferent arterioles enter and efferent arterioles leave
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What is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle?
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Where the proximal convoluted tubule begins
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What are podocytes?
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They are modified epithelial cells that compose the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule
-they have primary processes and secondary processes (called pedicels) which interdigitate and form filtration slits (also have diaphragms) and they surround the capillaries if the glomerulus |
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What is Bowman's space?
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the space surrounding the glomerulus but inside of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule, it is where the filtrate leaks into after going through the filtration apparatus from the glomerulus
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What comprises the filtration apparatus in the glomerulus?
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1)fenestrated endothelial cells of the glomerulus (w/o diaphragms)
2)thick basal lamina from podocytes and endothelial cells 3)filtration slit diaphragm between pedicels |
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What is the basal lamina in the filtration apparatus made of?
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laminin, fibronectin, GAG's, type IV collagen
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What are the functions of the intraglomerular mesangial cells in the renal corpuscle?
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1) phagocytose large macromolecules trapped by the filtration process in the basal lamina
2)provide connective tissue structural support to the glomerulus 3)secretion in response to injury of interleukin 1 and platelet derived growth factor |
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Where are mesangial cells located?
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can be intraglomerular or extraglomerular,
Intraglomerular are between capillaries and are surrounded by the basement membrane |
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Is the collecting tubule part of the nephron?
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NO
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Describe the proximal tubule of the nephron.
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two parts:
1)proximal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta) is 2/3 of length 2)thick descending limb of Henle's loop (pars recta) is 1/3 of length 14 mm in length, 60 micron diameter simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border has basal processes with thick bundles of actin filaments thought to aid in fluid movement |
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Describe the thin limb of Henle's loop.
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variable length (very long in juxtamedullary nephrons)
15-20 micron diameter simple squamous epithelium has a descending and ascending limb |
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Describe the distal tubule of the nephron.
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1)distal convoluted tubule (pars convoluta) 1/3 of length
2)thick ascending limb (pars recta of distal tubule) 2/3 of length 14 mm length 30-40 micron diameter simple cuboidal epithelium with very few short microvilli (no brush border) macula densa cells |
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Where are macula densa cells found?
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near the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles, they are tall cuboidal cells with nuclei that are close together
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What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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Macula densa cells, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells
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What are juxtaglomerular cells?
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modified smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of afferent glomerular arterioles, they are part of the JG apparatus and contain secretory granules full of renin which maintains blood pressure
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Describe the collecting tubule of the kidney.
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20 mm length
simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium proximally columnar epithelium distally conspicuous lateral PM's |
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What are the 3 regions of the collecting tubule proximal to distal?
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collecting tubules, collecting ducts, and papillary ducts of Bellini
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What are the 3 layers of the kidney?
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capsule-dense irregular CT, myofibroblasts
cortex-contains medullary rays and cortical labyrinth medulla-contains renal pyramids, cortical arches and columns |
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What are medullary rays?
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in the cortex and made up of collecting tubules and thick ascending and descending limbs of Henle's loop
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What is the cortical labyrinth?
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In the cortex, made up of renal corpuscle's, the convoluted tubules, and macula densa cells
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What makes up a lobule of the kidney?
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medullary rays and cortical labyrinth
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What makes up a renal pyramid?
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in the medulla, collecting tubules, thick ascending and descending limbs, and the thin loop of Henle
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What structure separates the renal pyramids?
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the cortical (renal) columns of Bertin
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What is the cortical arch?
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overlies the base of the renal pyramids
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Describe the renal papilla.
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found at the apex of renal pyramids, contains the area cribrosa (with about 20 ducts of Bellini), and empties into the minor calyces
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What is a lobe of the kidney?
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renal pyramid + 2 cortical columns + 1 cortical arch
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Describe the flow of blood in the kidneys starting with the renal artery.
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renal artery (post and ant. divisions)--> 5 segmental arteries--> 8-12 lobar arteries--> interlobar arteries--> arcuate arteries--> interlobular arteries--> afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles
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What arteries are found at the corticomedullary junction of the kidney?
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arcuate arteries
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What do the efferent glomerular arterioles branch into?
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the peritubular capillary network that nourishes the proximal and distal tubules.
It is comprised of the vasa recta (venae rectae and arteriolae rectae) |
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What veins empty into the interlobular veins?
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the stellate veins
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What are the layers of the ureter?
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MUCOSA-transitional epithelium
LAMINA PROPRIA-dense irregular fibroelastic CT MUSCULARIS-inner long. and outer circular layer of sm. mm. for proximal 2/3 and inner long., middle circ., and outer long. layer for distal 1/3 ADVENTITIA-fibroelastic CT that blends with capsule of kidney and urinary bladder wall flap of mucosa hangs over ureteric orifice to prevent backflow of urine |
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Describe the layers of the urinary bladder.
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MUCOSA-transitional epithelium
LAMINA PROPRIA-dense irregular CT with mucus glands near urethral orifice MUSCULARIS-detrusor muscle (inner and outer long. layer, and middle circular layer that makes up the internal urethral sphincter muscle) ADVENTITIA-dense irregular collagenous CT with elastic fibers SEROSA-in regions with a peritoneal reflection |
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What is notable about the nucleus of transitional epithelium?
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often binucleate
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Which sex has a longer urethra?
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males up to 20 cm
4-5 in females |
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Describe the parts of the urethra in males.
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(1) prostatic urethra, transitional epithelium, 3-4 cm
(2) membranous urethra, stratified columnar, 1-2 cm (3) spongy (penile) urethra, stratified columnar epithelium (except for patches of pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous), up to 15 cm |
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Describe the muscularis of the urethra.
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has an inner long layer and outer circular layer
where it pierces the perineum, sk. muscle fibers make up the external urethral sphincter |
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Describe the permeability of the proximal tubule of the nephron.
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it is permeable to water and to salts
it resorbs 65% of water, sodium, and chloride, and all of proteins, AA's, and glucose into blood supply |
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Describe the permeability of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle.
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it is permeable to water, but not to salts
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Describe the permeability of the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
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it is impermeable to water, but permeable to salts
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Describe the permeability of the distal tubule of the nephron.
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it is impermeable to water, permeable to salts
sodium resporption increases in response to aldosterone from the adrenal cortex |
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Describe the role of ADH in the collecting tubule.
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ADH makes the collecting tubules permeable to water by increasing the insertion of aquaporins in the membrane
collecting tubules are impermeable to water in the absence of ADH allowing urine to be dilute and have a high volume (hypotonic) low volume of ADH after hypothalamus damage or a kidney unresponsive to ADH results in diabetes insipidus (=high volume of dilute urine) |
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Describe the physiological response in the kidney when filtration rate is low.
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Macula densa cells stimulate the JG cells to release renin--> renin activates the angiotensin pthway in the blood--> leads to increase in aldosterone release from adrenal cortex--> causes increased Na resorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules which then triggers release of ADH which maintains blood pressure and volume
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What is an oogonia?
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it is the female gametogonia, they develop from primordial germ cells in the fetus through mitosis and some go on to become primary oocytes
-oogonia are 2n |
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Describe a primary oocyte
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present prenatally until ovulation, they halt at Prophase I and stay there until ovulation, they are 4n and contain 46 pairs of chromosomes
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Describe a secondary oocyte.
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oocyte is called this after ovulation, it is 2n with 23 pairs of chromosomes, has undergone one division to form one polar body
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Describe a definitive oocyte.
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n, only has 23 unpaired chromosomes. Is considered this after fertilization because it is able to finish out meiosis II
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Where do oogonia come from? (Describe their development)
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They arise from the endoderm lining the yolk sac, they arise from primordial germ cells that migrate to the intermediate mesoderm (genital ridge) around the 6th wk. of development which then differentiate into oogonia
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About how many oogonia/oocytes are in the 5 month fetus?
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5-7 million, the most they will have in their entire life
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How many oocytes do girls have at birth?
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600,000
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How many oocytes do girls have at puberty?
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40,000
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How many secondary oocytes will a woman ovulate in her lifetime?
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about 450
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Describe the cycle of hormone secretion in females starting with the hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH (in response to low estrogen) or LH (in resonse to low progesterone). FSH and LH stimulate ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone which act on the uterus and other body tissues such as the breasts. This cycle continues and is inhibited or stimulated by levels of estrogen and progesterone
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What is the germinal epithelium and where is it found?
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It is the outermost layer of the ovarian cortex and it is coomposed of simple cuboidal cells; it ruptures during ovulation and must repair itself making it vulnerable to cancer formation
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What lies just deep to the germinal epithelium in the ovary?
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tunica albuginea=made of DCT and sm. mm. cells
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What is deep to the tunica albuginea in the ovarian cortex?
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the stroma: CT (blood and lymph vessels, sm. mm. cells)
Parenchyma:follicles |
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How many follicles begin and finish development in a monthly cycle?
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typically 15-20 begin and only 1 is released
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What happens to ovarian follicles that do not develop fully?
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they become atretic, apoptose and degenerate and are replaced by CT
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What are the 4 developmental stages of follicles?
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primordial, primary (preantral), secondary (antral), mature (tertiary, Graafian)
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Describe the structure of a primordial follicle.
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primary oocyte, single layer of simple squamous follicular cells, basement membrane, CT
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Describe the structure of a unilaminar primary follicle.
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primary oocyte, zona pellucida, simple cuboidal follicular cells (unilaminar), basement membrane, stromal CT cells begin to organize
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Describe the structure of a multilaminar primary follicle.
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primary oocyte (larger), zona pellucida, stratified layer of cells now called granulosa cells (multilaminar, avascular epithelial cells), basement membrane, CT layer now called theca folliculi (very organized)
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What is the function of the granulosa cells?
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they have cytoplasmic extensions that protrude through tiny gaps the the zona pellucida and communicate via gap junctions with the oocyte and each other, they also release paracrine secretions
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Which stages of follicle development are FSH dependent?
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secondary and mature (Graafian, tertiary)
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Describe the structure of a secondary (antral) follicle.
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primary oocyte, zona pellucida, stratified granulosa cells, antrum forms which are intercellular spaces between the granulosa cells formed from increased GAG and hyaluronan rich fluid secretion (attracts water) which coalesces to form this space filled with liquor folliculi, basement membrane, theca folliculi (theca externa and interna)
Granulosa cells also increase expression of LH receptors on their surface at this time. |
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What is the function of the theca interna?
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it is separated from the granulosa cells by a basement membrane, it is highly vascular and cellular and contains steroid producing cells that secrete androgens and contains LH receptors
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What happens to the androgens secreted by the theca interna?
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they are converted to estradiol (estrogen) by the granulosa cells which increases blood estrogen
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Describe the structure of a mature follicle.
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the antrum filled with liquor folliculi have become so large that it forms an area of condensed granulosa cells around the oocyte called the cumulus oophorus (egg hillock),
Primary oocyte, zona pellucida, granulosa cells (forming the cumulus oophorus), basement membrane, theca interna |
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What 2 parameters are increased in the theca as follicles develop?
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LH receptors
androgen production |
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What 2 parameters are increased in granulosa cells as follicles develop?
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LH receptors
estrogen production |
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What effect does LH have on the primary oocyte?
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It causes the oocyte to complete meiosis I and enter meiosis II: metaphase forming a secondary oocyte + first polar body ready for ovulation
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What effect does LH have on granulosa cells?
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causes them to have more fluid build up and increases the pressure within the follicle
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What effect does LH have on the ovary itself?
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It causes swelling of the fimbriae, increases blood flow to the ovary, and stromal cells release collagenase, histamine, and prostaglandin near the mature follicle
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What is the stigma in an ovarian follicle?
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when the tunica albuginea contacts the follicle and becomes avascular, structure bulges into the peritoneal cavity before ovulation
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Describe the actual release of the secondary oocyte during ovulation.
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the oocyte detaches from the cumulus and floats in the liquor, the stigma and follicle then burst and the oocyte+corona radiate and liquor are released into the peritoneal cavity
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What is a corpus hemorrhagicum?
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the remnant of a mature follicle + blood (formed right after ovulation)
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What is the corpus luteum?
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remnant of a mature follicle, it is an endocrine organ that forms from the corpus hemmorhagicum, it lasts about 14 days but needs LH to maintain itself, basement membrane breaks down to allow flow of materials from theca
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What do granulosa cells become in the corpus luteum?
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the granulosa-lutein cells (80% of cells in corpus luteum)
larger, light staining cells that convert androgen into estrogen, steroid producing, secrete progesterone |
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What does the theca interna become in the corpus luteum?
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the theca-lutein cells (20%)
smaller, dark staining cells located at the periphery, steroid producing (produce androgens and progesterone into bv's) |
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What happens to the corpus luteum in a non-pregnant woman?
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blood levels of E and P increase which through negative feedback decreases production of FSH and then LH, CL degenerates and turns into a fibroblastic scar called a corpus albicans
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What happens to the corpus luteum in a pregnant woman?
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HCG from the trophoblast/placenta "sub" for LH and maintain the CL for 3 months and then the placenta takes over production of P and E
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Ovarian cysts
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2/3 of all reproductive age women have them, most are benign
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PCOS
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10% of women, follicle develops but never matures and bursts, ovaries covered by cysts
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Ovarian cancer
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2nd most common gyno cancer, 1st for death, surface epithelium cell progenitors
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What are the 4 parts of the uterine tube?
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infundibulum (fimbriae), ampulla, isthmus, intramural region
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Describe the structure of the ampulla of the uterine tubes?
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MUCOSA: highly folded simple columnar epithelium with a lamina propria of LCT deep to it
MUSCULARIS:IC/OL layers,contracts toward uterus SEROSA: simple squamous epithelium |
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Describe the ciliated cells in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
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they beat toward the uterus and decrease in # as you move toward the uterus
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Describe the peg cells in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
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they are non-ciliated cells, secretory cells with apical bulges that provide nourishment for egg/sperm/and zygote, it is thought that they may play a role in capacitation
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Describe the structure of the uterus. (histological layers)
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MUCOSA:endometrium
MUSCULARIS: myometrium ADVENTITIA: on bladder side SEROSA: perimetrium(visceral perit.), fundus and post. portion of body |
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Describe each of the following hormones' effect on the pregnant uterus:
estrogen oxytocin prostaglandins |
Estrogen: hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Oxytocin: from the pituitary cause sm. mm. cells to contract Prostaglandins: from placenta produces contractions during and after birth cells apoptose after birth and during menopause |
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What are the 3 layers of the myometrium?
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IL, MC, OL
Middle called stratum vasculare |
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What is a Leiomyoma?
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also called fibroids, a benign tumor of the myometrium, 30-70% women >30years, can cause severe bleeding and other complications
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What are the uterine endometrial glands?
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they are simple tubular glands made of simple columnar epithelium, they are formed by invaginations of the epithelium into the lamina propria
upper 3/4=functional layer (shed during menses) lower 1/4=basal layer (retained for regrowth) |
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What arteries arise in the myometrium?
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arcuate arteries
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Describe arterial flow in the myometrium.
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uterine arteries eventually give rise to arcuate arteries (in stratum vasculare)-->straight arteries (basal layer)-->spiral arteries (shed in functional layer)
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What are the 3 stages of the menstrual cycle?
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Menstrual, proliferative, and secretory (thickening),
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After menstrual cycle is complete, what is left in the uterus wall?
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the basal glands and straight arteries which begin mitosis to enter proliferative stage
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Describe the characteristics of the functional layer of the endometrium during the proliferative (re-growth) phase.
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simple tubular glands are spaced far apart, spiral glands regrow, epithelium regrows, glycogen
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Describe the functional layer of the endometrium during the secretory phase.
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glands are coiled, branched, spiral arteries are re-grown, endometrium thickens (edema and glycogen)
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What is endometriosis?
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Foci (uterine glands + stroma) deposit outside of the uterus and they respond to the hormones of the menstrual cycle causing peritoneal pain and irritation
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When is LH highest in the blood?
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right before ovulation
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Describe the endocervix.
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it is the mucosal lining the luminal surface of the cervical canal, simple columnar epithelium, mucus secreting cells, cervical glands that are long, straight and tubular
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What happens to the endocervical mucosa during menstruation, pregnancy, and non-pregnant women?
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menstrual cycles-changes but is NOT shed
pregnant-due to progesterone secreted a viscous mucus (mucus plug) non-pregnant-serous fluid |
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What kind of epithelium does the ectocervix have?
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stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized
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What is the transition zone (AKA squamocolumnar line/junction) in the cervix?
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where the endo and ectocervix meet, also site of PAP smears
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Where does cervical cancer originate from? (what location)
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the transition zone, it is subject to more cellular changes, risk increased by HPV, first pap smear in 1942
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What happens to the location of the transition zone of the cervix in older women?
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it retracts up into the endocervix
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What is a Nabothian cyst?
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retraction of the transition zone up into the endocervix can block the cervical glands leading to the formation of cysts
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Describe the myometrium of the cervix.
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Dense irregular CT, scattered sm. mm. cells, elastic fibers
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What does relaxin do to the cervix during pregnancy?
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causes it to dilate and soften
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Describe the characteristics of the vagina.
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has a mucosa, muscularis-sm. mm. loosely wrapped and may see some skeletal mm., and adventitia, stratified squamous non-K epithelium, Lamina propria is LCT w/no glands, cells synthesize glycogen which bacteria feed on to make lactic acid which greatly lowers the pH,
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Describe the histological appearance of a non-lactating, pre-puberty breast.
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lots of ducts present, little to no alveoli, very organized looking CT around the ducts
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What does prolactin do?
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milk production
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Which hormone is responsible for the "let down" reflex during breastfeeding?
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oxytocin
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Describe the cells in a lactating breast alveolus.
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simple cuboidal epithelium with lots of RER, golgi, and lipid droplets, lipid secretion is apocrine (a liitle cytoplasm buds off the apical cytoplasm w/lipid), protein secretion is merocrine (exocytosis), myoepithelial cells (not sm. mm.)
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Whats the most common site of breat cancer?
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ductal carcinoma 85%, metastasis to axillary nodes
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Describe a primary spermatocyte after DNA replication.
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they arise from spermatogonia and are 4n
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Describe a secondary spermatocyte.
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they arise after the first maturation division, they have 23 double structured chromosomes and are 2n, 2 equally sized cells are produced from the one maturation division
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Describe a spermatid.
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4 are produced from the second maturation division, they are n (haploid)
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What does FSH stimulate the testes to produce?
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inhibin
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What does LH stimulate the testes to produce?
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testosterone
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What release FSH and LH?
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anterior pituitary
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What is the mediastinum testes?
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it's the "hilum" of the testes where the epididymis meets the testes, it has fibrous septa that divide the testes into lobules, the lobules each have 1-4 seminiferous tubules with interstitial spaces between them
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Describe the interstitial spaces of the testes/
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LCT layer, highly vascular with branches of the testicular artery, fenestrated caps, and lymph goes to lumbar nodes, also contain cells of Leydig
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What are Leydig cells?
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found in interstitial space of testes, they are endocrine secreting cells stim. by LH, they secrete testosterone, they have crystals of Reinke which increase with age (function mostly unknown but probably a protein product of the cell)
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What is testosterone metabolized into in the tissues?
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DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
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What is the function of testosterone in the embryo?
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development of the male reproductive system, actively secreted up until 5 months and then decreases
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What is the function of testosterone in puberty?
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is actively secreted again during this period; it initiates: spermatogenesis, secondary characteristics, secretion
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What is the function of testosterone in the adult male?
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essential for maintaining function (DHT)
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Describe the histological layers of the seminiferous tubule.
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from outside in, tunica propria, basement membrane, germinal epithellium (stratified epithelium with sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells)
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Describe sertoli cells.
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columnar epithelium, large euchromatic nucleus (oval or triangular) with prominent nucleolus, indistinct lateral membranes, abundant SER, RER, Mito., golgi, cytoskeleton,
have inclusion bodies (crystalloids of charcot-bottcher) collections of filaments function unknown, sertoli cells have receptors for FSH and testosterone and communicate via gap junctions w/each other |
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What do sertoli cells secrete?
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1)Mullerian inhibiting hormone (MIH)-represses developing female system
2)fructose rich fluid into the lumen 3Androgen binding protein (ABP)-binds testosterone and reads local concentration 4)inhibin-decreases FSH release they can also convert testosterone to estrogen which further decreases FSH release |
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What forms the Blood testis barrier?
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tight junctions in the sertoli cells (happens at onset of puberty), tight junctions form basal and adluminal compartment which creates an isolated controlled environment protected from the immune system
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Describe the nucleus of a primary spermatocyte.
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checkerboard chromatin, large cells in adluminal compartment
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What cell undergoes spermiogenesis?
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spermatids
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What is the microtubule arrangement of cilia?
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9+2
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What type of secretion is the release of spermatozoa into the ST?
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holocrine=rupture of plasma membrane and release of the contents into lumen
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Describe the straight tubules in male reproductive system.
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sertoli cells and simple cuboidal epi. (come after ST and before rete testis)
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Describe the rete testis.
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simple cuboidal epi., no more sertoli cells,
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What are the intratesticular ducts?
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straight tubules, rete testis, ST
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Describe the efferent ductules.
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simple columnar epithelium, very irregular lumen,
-Tall cells:ciliated (help move sperm along since they can't swim yet -Short cells:absorptive |
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Describe epididymis.
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very regular lumen, head/body/tail, single highly coiled tube, pseudostratified columnar epi. with stereocilia (not 9 +2), basal cells=stem cells, principal cells with stereocilia,
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Where do sperm become motile?
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in epididymis, the cells secrete a factor that allows sperm to become motile and also prevents capacitation too soon
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Describe the seminal vesicles.
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highly coiled, mucosa highly infolded, "honey-comb like", mucosal crypts/bridges, cells secrete a viscous fructose rich fluid to nourish sperm, yellow pigments fluoresce under UV light
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What are the 3 zones of the prostate?
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central (around ejac. ducts), transitional (around urethra), and peripheral
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Describe the transitional zone of the prostate.
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surrounds prostatic urethra, has mucosal glands, benign prostatic hypertrophy stimulated over time by DHT (has an effect on the CT stromal cells causing them to enlarge)
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Describe the central zone of the prostate.
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includes the submucosal glands, surrounds ejaculatory ducts
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Describe the peripheral zone of the prostate.
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largest zone, includes main or peripheral glands (mostly in posterior region), site of inflammation and cancer, cells release PSA and PAP (prostatic acid phosphatase)=cancerous changes
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What specific thing is diagnostic of prostate?
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prostate concretions,
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Describe the contents of what the prostate secretes into seminal fluid.
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slightly alkaline, serous, PSA, enzyme rich fluid
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Describe the bulbourethral glands.
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clear mucus secretion, empty into penile urethra and coat the urethra, part of pre-seminal fluid
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What arteries branch off the deep arteries in the corpora cavernosa?
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helicine arteries
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Describe the penis in the flacid state.
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helicine arteries are closed and contracted, AV shunt is open, under sympathetic control blood bypasses erectile tissue
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Describe the penis during erection.
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under parasympathetic control, AV shunt closed, helicine arteries open, Parasymp. stimulates release of ACH which acts on endothelial cells causing them to release Nitric oxide which acts on sm. mm. cells to relax them and aids in vasodilation (cGMP gated channel )
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What embryological layer does the urinary system develop from?
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intermediate mesoderm
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When does the pronephros begin forming?
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beginning of 4th week
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When does the pronephros disappear?
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by the end of the 4th week
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Describe the pronephros.
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forms in the cervical region, non-functional, segmented, extends from pronephric duct to cloaca
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When does the mesonephros begin forming?
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end of 4th week
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Describe the mesonephros.
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thoracic-lumbar region, interim kidney that is functional, uses pronephric duct and becomes mesonephric (wolffian duct), forms cranial to caudal,
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What are the mesonephric tubules?
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they drain urine to the cloaca
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When does the mesonephros degenerate?
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by the end of month 2 (end of 1st trimester) cranial to caudal
-total loss in female, males retain the mesonephric duct |
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When does the metanephros begin to form?
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week 5
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When does the metanephros become functional?
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by week 9
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What is the metanephros derived of?
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the metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud) and the metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm (metanephric tissue cap)
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What does the metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud) become?
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duct system of the kidneys
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What induces formation of the duct system of the kidney?
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contact of the ureteric bud with the metanephric tissue caps
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When does urine production start in the fetus?
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about week 9
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What is renal agenesis?
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degeneration of the ureteric bud from failure of induction, unilateral may be no sx
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When do the adult kidneys reach their final position in development?
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in the 9th week when they make contact with the suprarenal glands, their development starts in the pelvis and then they rise to the lumbar position through straightening of the body and elongation, they pass through the arterial fork and new arteries are formed as they move up while old arteries degenerate
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What is an ectopic ureter?
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a ureter that drains to the vagina, urethra, vestibule (ie. doesn't drain directly to bladder)
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What is a horseshoe kidney?
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kidney that fuses at the arterial fork
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What is a fused kidney?
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when the kidneys fuse and move to one side, one ureter crosses the aorta
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What are polycystic kidneys?
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aut. recessive, cysts form from collecting ducts, renal failure in infancy/childhood, transplants can help
aut dominant form-cysts form from all segments of the nephron, renal failure in adulthood, typically unilateral and no sx |
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What is the urorectal septum?
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it grows down and divides the cloaca into the rectum and the UG sinus
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What are the 3 portions of the UG sinus?
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1)vesicular portion-connected to allantois
2)pelvic portion-give rise to parts of urethra and most of bladder 3)phallic portion-grows towards genital tubercle |
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How is the trigone formed?
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about weeks 5-12 the mesonephric duct is incorporated into the bladder and epithelium from the bladder grows to cover the trigone
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Where does the urethra come from?
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the pelvic/phallic portions of the UG sinus
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HOw is the prostate formed?
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buds/outgrowths of endoderm from proximal urethra, mesenchyme invades and forms the stroma and sm. mm., mesonephric ducts incorporated as ejaculatory ducts
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Where do seminal vesicles form from?
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the mesonephric ducts
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What are the urethral/paraurethral glands and where do they come from?
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they are found in women and they grow out of the proximal (cranial) urethra in women, they are mucous producing AKA skene's glands
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What is a urachal fistula?
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when the allantois doesn't completely degenerate and there is a patent pathway from the urinary bladder to the umbilicus
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What is a urachal cyst?
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when the allantois closes with some trapped fluid between the umbilicus and the bladder
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What is a urachal sinus?
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when the allantois doesn't degenerate all the way and there is a canal that extends from the umbilicus but doesn't reach all the way to the bladder....=infection possible
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What is exstrophy of the bladder?
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when the anterior abdominal wall and anterior bladder wall fail to close and the bladder remains on the outside of the body,
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What does SRY code for that is vital for proper gonadal development in males?
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TDF (testis determining factor)
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When do gonads appear?
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weeks 5-6 on mesonephroi
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What are the gonads derived from?
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mesenchyme, mesothelium, and primordial germ cells
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What are gonadal cords?
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when the epithelium of the gonadal buds penetrate to from rods/cones
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What migrates into the gonadal cords?
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primordial germ cells
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The gonads remain indifferent until what week?
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week 7
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What do the gonadal cords become?
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they elongate to become Seminiferous cords (induced by TDF), the seminiferous cords near the hilum become the rete testis
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Where do Sertoli cells come from?
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surface epithelium of the "gonadal bud"
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Where do the interstitial cells of Leydig arise from?
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mesenchyme
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What 2 structures does the tunica albuginea grow between during development?
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the testis cords and the epithelium
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At puberty, what happens to the rete testis that allows sperm to be ejaculated?
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seminiferous tubules canalize and join with the rete testis
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What are cortical cords?
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they are only found in female gonadal development, they are the 2nd penetration of epithelium they take up primordial germ cells and become primordial follicles (each is an oogonium surrounded by follicular cells)
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Without the presence of TDF, what happens to the gonadal cords?
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they degenerate , the cortical cords form and the tunica albuginea is thin==females
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What 2 ducts are initially present during genital duct development?
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1)mesonephric (wolffian) duct
2)paramesonephric (mullerian) duct |
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What causes degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts in males?
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MIH secreted by sertoli cells
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What happens to the paramesonephric duct in females?
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it fuses inferiorly to form a y-shaped uterovaginal primordium which becomes the uterus and proximal vagina, the unfused portion becomes the uterine tubes
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What is the sinovaginal bulb?
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it is induced when the uterovaginal primordium contacts the UG septum, it becomes the rest of the vagina
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What does the UG septum become in females?
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hymen
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What germ layers is the vagina formed from?
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endoderm and mesoderm
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What is uterus didelphys/double vagina?
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two uteri, two vaginas
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what is a bicornate uterus?
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2 uteri, one vagina
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What is uterus bicornis unicollis?
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a part of the uterus is suspended in the abdominal cavity, it is not attached to the main body of the uterus
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What is cervical atresia?
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closed cervix, from mesoderm
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What is vaginal atresia?
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closed vagina, from endoderm
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What happens to the genital tubercle in males?
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it elongates into the phallus and then to penis
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What action forms the spongy urethra in males?
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fusing of the urethral folds around the urethral groove around week 10,
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What forms the scrotum?
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the fusing of the labioscrotal swellings that form a scrotal raphe in the midline
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What causes micropenis?
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lack of androgens
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What happens to the genital tubercle in the female?
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it elongates slightly into the clitoris, (it is initially larger than the phallus which is why we wait until after 4th month for sexing of the fetus)
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What do the urethral folds become in the female?
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the labia minora
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What does the urogenital groove become in females?
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the vestibule
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What do the labioscrotal swellings become in females?
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the labia majora (fuse ant. to become mons pubis and post. to form post. labial commissure)
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What is the prepuce of the penis from?
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invagination of ectoderm
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