Histology Exam 1 Cc

Front 1

Kartagener’s syndrome

Back 1

results from hereditary defects in the ciliary dynein, prohibited from functioning properly, are susceptible to lung infections, immotile sperm for men (sterile), also affect some women’s ciliary beating of egg to uterus

Front 2

pemphigus vulgaris

Back 2

autoantibodies that act against desmosomal proteins, disrupts cell adhesion, leading to blistering, controlled with systemic steroids

Front 3

nonsyndromic deafness and erythrokeratodermia variabilis (skin disorder)

Back 3

caused by mutations in connexin genes (which is linked to dysfunctional migration of neural crest during development), result in defects in the formation of the pulmonary vessels of the heart

Front 4

metaplasia

Back 4

transformation of one epithelial type into another epithelial type

Front 5

carcinomas

Back 5

malignant tumors arising from epithelia

Front 6

adenocarcinomas

Back 6

malignant tumors arising from glandular epithelial cells, common in older people

Front 7

hyaluronidase

Back 7

released by staphylococcus aureus, enzyme that cleaves hyaluronic acid into small fragments, converts gel state of the ECM to a sol state

Front 8

keloid

Back 8

elevated growth due to excessive accumulation of collagen during wound healing

Front 9

scurvy

Back 9

deficiency of vitamin C, alpha chains of tropocollagen are unable to form stable helices, first affect CT with high turnover of collagen

Front 10

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Back 10

deficiency in lysyl hydroxylase, results in abnormal crosslinks among tropocollagen molecules, results in hypermobile joints and hyperextensive skin

Front 11

Marfan syndrome

Back 11

have a defect in the gene on chromosome 15 that codes for fibrillin, elastic fibers do not develop properly, predisposed to fatal rupture of the aorta

Front 12

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Back 12

autosomal recessive disorder, incapable of synthesizing the beta chain of WBC integrins, leukocytes cannot adhere to the endothelium and cannot migrate to sites of inflammation, difficulaty in fighting bacterial disease

Front 13

wound healing and fibroblasts

Back 13

fibroblasts may undergo cell division (which they normally don’t) during wound healing, may differentiate into adipose cells, chondrocytes, or osteoblasts

Front 14

hay fever

Back 14

suffer from the effects of histamine release, causes localized edema from INC permeability of small blood vessels, makes for feeling of being stuffed up

Front 15

asthma

Back 15

suffer from difficulty in breathing as a result of bronchospasm caused by leukotrienes released by the lungs

Front 16

systemic anaphylaxis

Back 16

a systemic and sever immediate hypersensitivity response to a second dose of an allergen (insect stings, antibiotics), may cause anaphylactic shock

Front 17

anaphylactic shock

Back 17

includes shortness of breath and a sudden DEC in blood pressure

Front 18

edema

Back 18

accumulation of excess tissue fluid within loose CT, can result from excessive release of histamine and leukotrienes C4 and D4, or obstruction of venous and lymph vessels

Front 19

hypertrophic obesity

Back 19

results from the accumulation and storage of fat in unilocular fat cells, may INC their size by as much as 4 fold

Front 20

hypercellular obesity

Back 20

results from an overabundance of adipocytes, usually more severe obesity, may be brought on by overfeeding babies, INC there # of adipoctyes

Front 21

leptin

Back 21

regulates the appetite center of the hypothalamus, if inactive have a voracious appetite

Front 22

lipomas

Back 22

common benign tumors of adipoctyes

Front 23

liposarcoms

Back 23

are malignant tumors of adipoctyes

Front 24

levels of cartilage regeneration

Back 24

poor except in children, if large defect in cartilage, dense CT is used to repair a scar

Front 25

alkaline phosphatase

Back 25

rich in osteoblast cell membranes, used in monitoring bone formation since it is released in large amounts during this time

Front 26

ostepetrosis

Back 26

genetic disorder where osteoclasts do not possess a ruffled border, have INC bond density, may result in anemia, blindness and deafness

Front 27

bone grafts

Back 27

used when a bone fracture is so sever that the leftover bone cannot form a callus

Front 28

bone autografts

Back 28

transplant recipient is donor as well

Front 29

homografts

Back 29

transplants from different individuals of the same species

Front 30

heterografts

Back 30

grafts from different species

Front 31

acromegaly

Back 31

occurs bec. of an excess in somatotropin production, abnormal increase in bone deposition w/o normal bone resorption

Front 32

osetoporsosis

Back 32

decreasing bone mass, more serious after menopause when estrogen secretion drops appreciably

Front 33

rickets

Back 33

deficiency in vitamin D in infants and children, calcium absorption decreases even with increased levels of uptake, signs of the disease include deformed bo

Front 34

osteomalacia

Back 34

adult version of rickets, especially prevalent in pregnant women as the fetus has an excess demand for Ca2+ from the mother

Front 35

scurvy

Back 35

deficiency of vitamin C in individuals, may lead to deficiency in collagen production, causing a reduction of bone matrix

Front 36

rigor mortis

Back 36

stiffening of the joints after death, may last as long as three days, lack of ATP to bind to S1 subfragment so muscles stay in contracted form

Front 37

botulism

Back 37

caused by ingestion of improperly preserved canned foods, toxin released by clostridium botulinum interferes with the release of acetylcholine

Front 38

myasthenia gravis

Back 38

autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies attach to acetylcholine receptors, blocking their availability to acetylcholine, causes weakening of the skeletal muscles

Front 39

neurotoxins

Back 39

may also bind to acetylcholine receptors causing paralysis and eventual death due to respiratory compromise

Front 40

botox

Back 40

used for cosmetic purposes, clostridium botulinum is an inhibitor of acetylcholine release by motor fibers, diminishes frown lines that the contraction of muscle fibers would otherwise produce

Front 41

simple reflex arc

Back 41

an example of the function of muscle spindles, tapping the patellar tendon causes a stretch reflex in the muscle spindles

Front 42

cardiac hypertrophy

Back 42

not an INC in number of muscle fibers, but a growth in their length and width, dead muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous CT

Front 43

Spina bifida

Back 43

a defective closure of the spinal column

Front 44

spina bifida anterior

Back 44

defective closure of the vertebrae

Front 45

acencephaly

Back 45

failure of the dervelopmental anterior neuropore to close, not compatible with life

Front 46

epilepsy

Back 46

may result from abnormal migration of cortical cells, which disrupts normal interneuronal functioning

Front 47

Hirschsprung disease (aka congenital megacolon)

Back 47

caused by failure of the neural crest cells to invade the wall of the gut, thus the gut lack Auerbach’s plexus, this leads to dilation and hypertrophy of the colon

Front 48

mode of transfer for certain viruses (herpes simplex and rabies virus)

Back 48

retrograde axonal transport, allows for the spread of the virus from one neuron to the next, how toxins are also transported from the periphery into the CNS

Front 49

AIDS/HIV and effect on microglial cells

Back 49

microglial cells are found in large populations in the brain in individuals with AIDS or HIV, HIV attacks microglial cells, which then produce cytokines toxic to neurons

Front 50

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Back 50

disease affecting myelin, 1.5X more common in females than in males, demyelination in the CNS, leads to random, multifocal inflammation edema, and demyelination of axons

Front 51

radiation therapy and chemotherapy

Back 51

may both lead to demyelination of the brain or spinal cord

Front 52

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Back 52

immune disorder that produces inflammation and reapid demyelination within the peripheral nerves and motor nerves arising from the ventral roots, associated with respiratory and/or GI infection, symptoms include muscle weakness

Front 53

Huntington’s chorea

Back 53

hereditary condition, begins as flicking of the joints that progresses to severe distortions, dementia, and motor dysfunction, loss of GABA producing cells and eventual loss of acetylcholine-secreting cells

Front 54

Parkinson’s disease

Back 54

crippling disease related to the absence of dopamine, characterized by muscular rigidity, constant tremor, slow movement and a mask-like face and difficult voluntary movement

Front 55

mannitol

Back 55

hypertonic solution that opens the tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells for administration of therapeutic drugs

Front 56

transferring receptors

Back 56

permit drugs acess across the blood brain barrier and into the CNS

Front 57

hydrocephalus

Back 57

swelling of brain tissue, leads to enlargement of the head in the fetus and neonate, impairment of mental and muscular functions and death