Histology Exam 1

Front 1

Heterochromatin

Back 1

highly condensed, darker staining, transcriptionally inactive

Front 2

Euchromatin

Back 2

less condensed, ligheter staining, less tightly packed, transcriptionally active - contains genes transcribed into RNA in the cell

Front 3

Nucleolus

Back 3

dark staining region, where ribosomal subunits assembled, prominent in cells making a lot of protein (ie. neurons)

Front 4

Nuclear lamina

Back 4

underlying inner membrane - intermediate fibers (nuclear lamins) that give shape to the nuclear enveolpe and bind DNA to the inner nuclear membrane

Front 5

Perinuclear Cisterna

Back 5

in between the inner and outer nuclear membrane

Front 6

Protoplasm

Back 6

cytoplasm + nucleus

Front 7

Polysomes

Back 7

polyribosomes - clusters of ribosomes bound to mRNA
- electron dense because of the RNA

Front 8

Smooth ER

Back 8

- no ribosomes
synthesis of lipids, steroids
liver: enzymes for detoxification
muscle cells: sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca2+ sequestering from cytosol

Front 9

Rough ER

Back 9

contigious with the outer nuclear envelope, - continuous with the perinuclear cisternae
- studded with ribosomes
-synthesizes transmembrane proteins and ones for secretion

Front 10

Golgi Apparatus

Back 10

composed of compartments called cisternae - NOT interconnected: transport via fusion of transport vesicles budding off the membranes
- cisternae: cis (convex), medial, trans (concave)
- site of protein glycosylation for transport

Front 11

Lysosomes

Back 11

- contain hydrolytic enzymes - function at acidic pH (pH maintained by proton pumps on membrane)
- PRIMARY lysosome: proton pumps and hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)
- SECONDARY: primary + vesicle containing the substance to be degraded
- responsible for autophagy - self eating of old organelles, digest cell debris and phagocytosed substances, and autolysis when the cell is programed to die
- hard to see in LM/EM: use cytochemical methods --> add phosphotase substrate that precipitates in presence of the acid phosphoates in the lysosome

Front 12

Peroxisomes (microbodies)

Back 12

- similar to lysosomes but with different enzymes
- degrades AA's and fatty acids
- oxidative reactions using oxidase and O2
- H2O2 a byproduct but maintained concentration by catalase
- H2O2 used for detoxifying alcohols and phenols
- Identify by cytochemical methods also!

Front 13

Proteosomes

Back 13

- not visible in EM but freely floating in cytosol
- responsible for CYTOSOLIC PROTEIN turnover
- acts on proteins attached to a small protein: Ubiquitin
- no membrane
- large (40 x 10nm) cylindrical protein complexes around the cytosol

Front 14

Nuclear Lamina

Back 14

underlying inner membrane - responsible fore nuclear envelope shape and bind DNA to the inner nuclear membrane
- 2D network of intermediate fibers (nuclear lamins)

Front 15

Plasma

Back 15

fluids, proteins (albumin), metabolites

Front 16

Album

Back 16

maintains colloid osmotic pressure of blood

Front 17

Cytoskeleton components of RBC

Back 17

-Spectrin: network with actin
-Glycophorin and ankyrin - bind to spectrin cytoskeleton

Front 18

Leukocytes

Back 18

give general types - all but basophil function NOT in blood but use the circulatory system for transportation

Front 19

Diapedesis

Back 19

how leukocytes travel around - escape from postcapillary venules (in BV) into CT - squeezes between adjacent epithelial cells.

Front 20

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Back 20

- 1st line of defense: 60-70%
- chemotactic agents bind receptors on neutrophil to initiate defense against infection
- granules specific for batericidal actions via reactive oxygen compounds (superoxide, h2o2, hypochlorous acid)
- stain azurophilic!
- less than a week lifespan: die after phagocytosis --> PUS

Front 21

Neutrophil Granules

Back 21

- Primary: nonspecific granules - lysosomes containing acid hydrolases
- Tertiary: have enzymes facilitating movement of neutrophils through CT
- Specific: kill bacteria

Front 22

band form

Back 22

immature form of neutrophil - non segmented U shaped nucleus
- 0-2% of leukocytes
- 7 days to mature into granulocyte: mostly stored in bone marrow and not released yet

Front 23

Marginal Pool

Back 23

storage form of neutrophils in blood vessels
- contain equal amount to neutrophils in circulation
- lies out of the main flow of blood - marginated against vessel wall (caps, pulm vessels) as a ready reservoir
- DEmargination: stimulated by acute infection, exercise, and epinephrine

Front 24

Phagocytosis

Back 24

Primary function of neutrophils
- die after job is done! even if job isn't done, neutrophils die after 1-4 days in CT

Front 25

lymphocytes

Back 25

go in and out of circulation looking for antigenic stimulation
1. T Cells - cell-mediated
2. B Cells - humoroal immunity: antibodies and memory cells
3. Null Cells: circulating hemopoietic stem cells and Natural T-Killer Cells

Front 26

platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 26

megakaryoctyes - give rise to platelets in bone marrow
- 8 day lifespan
1) glycocalyx: roll in adhesion
2) Hyalomere
3) Granulomere

Front 27

eosinophils

Back 27

parasitic infections, hypersensitivity, and allergies
SPECIFIC GRANULES
1) Internum: cationic protein and neurotoxin to destroy bacteria
2) Externum: variety of enzymes that dampen down mast cells/basophils inflammatory response
NONSPECIFIC
3) azurophilic granules: lysosomes

Front 28

basophils

Back 28

allergies & hypersensitivity
- release granules when allergens attach IgE antibodies that are on its' plasma membrane
- circulatory shock from granule release
- similar to mast cells in CT

Front 29

monocytes

Back 29

- largest cells in circulation
- turn into macrophages
- part of MPS

Front 30

Hyalomere

Back 30

1) Marginal Bundle: actin and myosin
2) surface opening system
3) dense tubular system

Front 31

Granulomere

Back 31

-Mitochondria
-Glycogen
-Granules
1) alpha: Fibrinogen, clotting factors
2) gamma: lysosomes - hydrolytic enzymes
3) Lambda: ADP, ATP, Ca2+, serotonin