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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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histology
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study of cells/tissue/organs
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magnification
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ratio of image size to object size
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resolution
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smallest distance a which 2 very close points can be distinguished from each other
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transillumination
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interaction of an energy source with cells/tissues components permitting the visualization of the cells/tissue
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light microscopy
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energy: photons of light
lens: optical |
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electron microscopy
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energy: electrons
lens: electromagnets |
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Transmission electron microscopy
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look inside the cell
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Scanning electron microscopy
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look at surface of structure
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Hematoxylin
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basic stain, interacts with acidic cell components, turns them blue/purple
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Eosin
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acidic stain, interacts with basic cell components, turns them pink/red/orange
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RBC length
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8 microns
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Glycocalyx
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carbohydrates attached to outer leaflet membrane proteins or lipids
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Exocytosis
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Active, secretion, release of cellular products, secretory vesicles from golgi
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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active, absorption, ligand binds to receptors in plasma membrane which invaginates to form endocytotic vesicles (endosome) which fuse with lysosomes
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Phagocytosis
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active, large particles engulfed by cell, psuedopodia, vesicles are phagosomes which fuse with lysosomes, often performed by macrophages
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Pinocytosis
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active, generalized absorption, take in water/dissolved molecules and recycle membranes, pinocytotic vesicles, fuse with lysosomes
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Nuclear Events
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DNA transcription/processing (mRNA synthesis)
tRNA synthesized rRNA synthesized in nucleolus |
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Cytoplasmic Events
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ribosomal subunits assemble into ribosomes
mRNA translation into codons tRNAs transfer amino acids |
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Ribosomes (general)
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large and small subunits assemble around strand of mRNA, protein synthesis
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Free ribosomes/polysomes
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clusters of ribosomes translating single strand of mRNA (beads on a string), make soluble proteins that remain in and funtion in cell
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ER-bound ribosomes
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attached to outer surface of ER, proteins destined to be incorporated into cell membrane, packaged into lysosomes, or secreted from the cell
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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synthesizes proteins for incorporation into cell membrane, packaged into lysosomes, or secreted from the cell. proteins are transported to golgi for more processing via transport vesicles.
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Golgi apparatus
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chemical modification of proteins from RER. sorts and packages into secretory vesicles, transport vesicles, or lysosomes
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Lysosomes
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contain acid hydrolyses that are synthesized in RER and modified in Golgi. bud off the Golgi. proton pumps in membrane transport H+ into lumen and reduce pH to 5.0 which activates acid hydrolyses which degrade/process the contents. fuse and digest endocytotic/pinocytotic vesicles, autophagosomes, phagosomes
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Mitochondria
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site of ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. DNA containing and self replicating
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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lipid metabolism, cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis. abundant in cells for detoxification and steroid hormone secretion. called the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells.
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Peroxisomes
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remove free radicals and hydrogen peroxide from cell. abundant in cells of liver and kidney
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Heterochromatin
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condensed, inactive, dark staining. (condensed nucleus)
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Euchromatin
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not visible, unwound, active form, lighter staining. (vesicular/open-faced nucleus)
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Epithelial tissue functions (5)
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Protection, transcellular transport, secretion, absorption, detection of sensation
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Apical surface of epithelium
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borders lumen/surface. microvilli and cilia
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Microvilli
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absorption of molecules from lumen/surface. very uniform. create more surface area. often associated with thick glycocalyx
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Cilia
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move luminal material (mucus) along surface. long and messy looking, beat in coordinated fashion
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Basal surface of epithelium
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associated with basement membrane and connective tissue. hemidesmosomes
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Hemidesmosomes
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cellular junction. attach basal portion of plasma membrane to underlying basement membrane. spot weld.
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Lateral surfaces of epithelial cell
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plasma membranes of adjacent cells interlock with eachother using interdigitations called enfoldings. intercellular junctions.
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Tight junctions
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zonula occludens. top-most. belt that goes all the way around forming a selective barrier between adjacent cells.
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Intermediate junctions
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zonula adherens. 2nd from top. belt going all the way around forming cell to cell adhesion. spanning proteins.
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Desmosomes
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macula adherens. 3rd from top. can be multiple. spot weld. cell to cell adhesion. spanning proteins. attachment plaque. intermediate filaments insert into attachment plaque and make hairpin turn-strong anchoring.
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Junctional complex
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tight junction, intermediate junction, desmosome
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Gap junctions
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nexus/communicating junctions. can occur anywhere below junctional complex. communication between cells. connexons and central pore. highly regulated.
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Pseudostratified epithelium
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simple, respiratory and male reproductive systems
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Transitional epithelium
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stratified, urinary system
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Exocrine glands
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secrete into ducts
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Endocrine glands
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secrete hormones which are taken up by blood vessels in underlying connective tissue. no ducts
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Connective tissue functions (6)
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structural support/framework; conduct and translate muscle contractions into movement; medium for metabolic exchange; aid in immunity; fat and mineral storage; stroma of glands and organs
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Ground substance
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amorphous and gel-like, hydrophilic. made of proteoglycans and adhesive glycoprotein
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Proteoglycans
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core protein with glycosaminoglycans attached via covalent bonds. molecular filters by slowing movement of substances, biological springs and biological sponges. compression caushed negative charge to increase which slows water loss.
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Glycosaminoglycans
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repeating dissacharide groups that are sulfated (except for Hyaluronic acid). hydrophilic, negative electrostatic charge attracts NA+ and thus water creating hydration shell.
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Adhesive glycoproteins
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adhere cells to fibers in ECM. bind to cellular transmembrane receptors (integrins) which bind to actin inside the cell.
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Collagen fibers
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give ECM tensile strength. bendable.
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Collagen fiber arrangement
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Tropocollagen > Fibrils > Fibers > Bundles
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Type I Collagen
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most abundant type. highest tensile strength.
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Type II Collagen
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type that don't bundle into fibers. abundant in hyaline and elastic cartilage. restrain proteoglycans.
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Type III Collagen
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type composed of reticulin that form web-like structures. stroma of organs and glands. Glycosylated.
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Elastic fibers
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contain elastin. elasticity.
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Fixed connective tissue cells
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fairly long-lived, permanently reside in connective tissue
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Transient (wandering) connective tissue cells
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travel within blood and migrate into tissue spaces. involved in host defense
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Fibroblasts
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most widely distributed and abundant fixed cell. synthesize and secrete ECM. synthesize scar tissue
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Adipocytes
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synthesize and store fat. can be multilocular (brown) or unilocular (white)
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Mast cells
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long-lived, some ability to move through tissue. found in dermis of skin, respiratory and digestive systems. granules that contain chemical mediators of inflammatory response. cause vasodilation and attract leukocytes
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Macrophages
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remove cellular debris via phagocytosis. protect body from invading microorganisms, antigen presenting cells. can form multinucleated giant cells.
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Loose (areolar) connective tissue
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loosely arranged fibers and abundance of cells
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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abundance of fibers, fewer cells. found in parts of dermis
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Dense regular connective tissue
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abundance of fibers, fewer cells. found in tendons, ligaments.
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Reticular connective tissue
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lattice-like arrangement of reticular fibers. found in organs that filter cells, blood, or lymph as well as endocrine glands
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