Histology: Epithelium Vmb 914 Ncsu Cvm

Front 1

what is the definition of tissue?

Back 1

group of cells and cell products which have similar structure and perform similar functions

Hint 1

group

Front 2

What are the basic tissue types?

Back 2

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nerve tissue

Hint 2

C-MEN

Front 3

What is epithelium?

Back 3

tissue that lines all external body surfaces, internal tubes, and forms glands, external coverings rise from ectoderm, internal coverings from endoderm, and a few from mesoderm

Hint 3

covering

Front 4

What is ectoderm?

Back 4

tissue that gives rise to external coverings of body tissues

Hint 4

ecto = external

Front 5

What is endoderm?

Back 5

tissue that gives rise to internal covering of body tissue

Hint 5

endo = internal

Front 6

what is mesoderm?

Back 6

tissue that gives rise to some select tissues (ie connective tissue, muscles)

Hint 6

meso = middle

Front 7

what is connective tissue?

Back 7

connect and bind other strucutres, a large amount of extracellular material, derives from mesoderm

Hint 7

in between

Front 8

what is muscle tissue?

Back 8

tissue uniquely modified for contractility derives from mesoderm

Hint 8

contraction

Front 9

what is nerve tissue?

Back 9

tissue system adapted to conduct, receive, transmit, integrate, and transcduce information from external and internal environments derives from ectoderm

Hint 9

information

Front 10

define parenchyma

Back 10

cells which make up an organ

Hint 10

organ cell

Front 11

define stroma

Back 11

connective tissue matrix associated with epithelium

Hint 11

connection matrix

Front 12

define serosa

Back 12

specialized epithelia and its associated connective tissue which line specific internal cavities without external connection and secrete a watery-type secretion

Hint 12

serous membrane / internal

Front 13

define mucosa

Back 13

specialized epithelia and its associated connective tissue which line body tubes with an extreanl connection and secrete thick viscous fluid

Hint 13

mucous membrane / external

Front 14

define lumen

Back 14

space contained within a tube, cylinder, sphere

Hint 14

inside

Front 15

define polarity

Back 15

fixed segments of the cell's borders different from one another

Hint 15

un uniform

Front 16

apex & apical

Back 16

lumenal border or surface

Hint 16

top, exposed to elements

Front 17

base & basal

Back 17

adjacent to th basement membrane and underlying connective tissue matrix

Hint 17

bottom

Front 18

lateral

Back 18

lateral sides of the cell, attachment to adjacent cells

Hint 18

next to

Front 19

what are the key features of epithelium?

Back 19

line surfaces of organs and tissues
very little extracelular space, contiguous, high cell density
rest on a basal lamina (basement membrane), a highly specialized connective tissue matrix which attaches cell to underlying substrata

Hint 19

tight lining on a base

Front 20

what is a basal lamina?

Back 20

basement membrane

Hint 20

basal = bottom/basement

Front 21

explain why it is important that all epithelia have a basement membrane?

Back 21

epithelia are separated from surroundings by basement membrane, which is a connective tissue attachment matrix and an effective barrier. epithelia are also avascular and derive nourishment from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissues

Hint 21

seperate, avascular

Front 22

what are the functions of epithelia?

Back 22

protection, absorption, excretions, secretion, reception (the transduction of physical/chemical modalities and reproduction)

Hint 22

block, take in, put out

Front 23

How are epithelia classified?

Back 23

number of layers: simple (one layer) & stratified (multiple layers named by apical layer)
cell shape: squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (cube), columnar (column like)

Hint 23

layer shapes

Front 24

what are the types of epithelia?

Back 24

simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
transitional epithelium
rare others (stratified cuboidal epithelium, stratified columnar)

Hint 24

3 simples, a stratified and a wannabe stratified, with a single transition and 2 oddities

Front 25

what is simple squamous epithelium?

Back 25

extremly thin cells, barely visible by LM (bulgin nuclei), 2 types

Hint 25

single simple

Front 26

what are the 2 types of simple squamous epithelium?

Back 26

mesothelium and endothelium

Hint 26

EpitheliuM

Front 27

what is mesothelium?

Back 27

line the inner surfaces of some body cavities and outer surfaces of internal organs, making smooth surfaces between mobile viscera

Hint 27

in cavities, out organs

Front 28

what is endothelium?

Back 28

lines all blood vessels, heart and lymphatics

Hint 28

romantic immunity

Front 29

what is simple cuboidal epithelium?

Back 29

line secretory and/or absorptive sufaces and ducts (kidney)

Hint 29

absorb

Front 30

what is simple columnar epithelium?

Back 30

line secretory and/or absorptive surfaces and ducts (stomach/intestine)

Hint 30

absorb w/ fingers

Front 31

what is stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 31

multiple layers of thin cells stack upon one another with basal cells 'thicker' than apical, specialize to resis forces of friction/abrasion (2 types)

Hint 31

friction/burn

Front 32

what are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 32

keratinized and non keratinized

Hint 32

to k or not to k

Front 33

what is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 33

the more apical layers are hardened and cells are dead (nuclei absent/not visible) expecially effective for resisting abrasive forces and loss of water (ex skin)

Hint 33

tough

Front 34

what is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 34

apical layers 'dead' but not hardened (cornea)

Hint 34

protective

Front 35

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Back 35

not really stratified, all cells touch basement membrane but not apical (lumenal) surface, croweded appearance, ciliates or non-cilieated (trachea)

Hint 35

rave

Front 36

what is transitional epithelium?

Back 36

unique property of accommodating stretching, cells can 'slide' over one another, can go from many layers to a single layer (bladder), appear scalloped or cobblestone

Hint 36

roacky road to the bathroom

Front 37

what is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Back 37

two layers of cuboidal cells (genital tract, some ducts)

Hint 37

sounds like it

Front 38

what is stratified columnar?

Back 38

two or more layers, with mixed appearance (basal cuboidal, intermediate polygonal, apical columnar), found in developing organs/tissues (rare in adults)

Hint 38

wuzzle

Front 39

where are surface modifications?

Back 39

lateral surface, basilar surfaces, apical surfaces

Hint 39

sides

Front 40

what is another name for lateral surface modifications?

Back 40

intercellular junctions

Hint 40

Int Junc

Front 41

what are the types of lateral junctions?

Back 41

adhering, tight, gap, other

Hint 41

connections

Front 42

what are the types of adhering junctions?

Back 42

desmosomes and zonular adherens

Hint 42

zd

Front 43

what are desmosomes?

Back 43

'adhereing spot' or plaque between adjacent plasma membranes that are structural (intermediate) filaments mecanically anchor plaque to other structural proteins of the cell cytoplasm (sometimes visible)

Hint 43

structural hold

Front 44

what is another name for desmosomes?

Back 44

macular adherens

Hint 44

plaque hold

Front 45

what are hemi-desmosomes?

Back 45

half a desmosome, between a cell and basal lamina of epithelial cells

Hint 45

baement and friend

Front 46

what are zonular adherens?

Back 46

similar to desmosomes but circumscribe whole cell, with intermediate filaments as anchors at attachment site, can produce terminal web

Hint 46

around

Front 47

what are terminal webs?

Back 47

somtimes visible remnants of network of intermediate and contractile filaments associated with apical surface and zonular adherens

Hint 47

zone anchor remnants

Front 48

What are tight junctions?

Back 48

outer or external laminae (layer) of plasma membrane of contiguous cells is shared at periodic points. (fused membranes), effective barrier against materials or solutes passing from lumenal to basilar sides between adjacent cells (not visible alone), includes zonula occludens found between the lateral surfaces of adjacent cells near apical border

Hint 48

meets others

Front 49

what are gap junctions?

Back 49

minimal space between contiguous cells (not visible alone) that are interrupted by small regularly spaced arrays ofchannels between cells

Hint 49

lack of gap

Front 50

what are terminal bars?

Back 50

dark staining spots at apical pole of adjacent epithelial (cells visible by LM) represents group of junctional complexes made up of macula adherens (desmosome), zonula adherens, zonula occludens

Hint 50

intercellular junction spots

Front 51

what are basilar surfaces?

Back 51

basal infoldings and lateral interdigitations, parallel convolutions of apposing plasma membranes which increase intercellular contact surface area for attachment and communication (not readily visible by LM)

Hint 51

phone lines

Front 52

what are basal lamina?

Back 52

a specialized connective tissue matrix region, adjacent to basilar surface of epithelium, composed of unique molecules not found in other CT matrices (called external lamina in non-epithelial cells)

Hint 52

base connection

Front 53

what is the basal lamina referred to in EM?

Back 53

basement membrane, but can be used to describe structure at any level

Hint 53

basal = basement

Front 54

what are the types of apical surface modifications?

Back 54

microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, flagella

Hint 54

Mc Fs

Front 55

what are microvilli?

Back 55

tiny finger like surface projections/processes, at apical pole of cell, highly ordered & parallel and by LM have a brush like border (brush border), (only seen at high power on LM w/oil), microfilaments (contractile proteins found in core) anchor to plasma membrane, may be more detectable with glycocalyx

Hint 55

fuzzy

Front 56

what is glycocalyx?

Back 56

a coating of glycoproteins and other complex sugars that covers external surface of apical plasma membrane (well developed in epithelium but not an exlclusive feature) that makes microvillar surface more visible by LM

Hint 56

coating

Front 57

what are stereocilia?

Back 57

non-motile, specialized finger like (tubular) surface projections, very long microvilli (often half as long as cell) (readily viewed by LM)

Hint 57

no music, no move

Front 58

what are cilia?

Back 58

highly motile surface projections, finger like (wider than microvilli), doublets have hook like arms at periphery (dynein) that are force generating protein that enables adjacent microtubular doublets to 'slide' in relation to one another = motile force, with basal bodies as site of nucleanation (polymerization) necessary for tubule assembly

Hint 58

Cilia moves

Front 59

what is another term for cilia?

Back 59

kinocilium

Hint 59

kc

Front 60

what is dyenin?

Back 60

hook like arms at periphery of ciliat doublets that provide motile force

Hint 60

if you aren't moving you can't be dyenin

Front 61

what are flagella?

Back 61

has same organization of kinocilium, excpet fewer in number (on a cell) and longer, found only in epithelial cells that have been morphologically altered to exist as motile cells independent of parent epithelium (mature sperm cells)

Hint 61

propulsion

Front 62

what are other surface specializations?

Back 62

microplicae, filopodia, lamellopodia, pseudopodia, ruffles, blebs, folds

Hint 62

podias, decorations, and plicae

Front 63

what are microplicae?

Back 63

low ridges

Hint 63

mini mountains

Front 64

what are processes of surface specializations?

Back 64

filopodia, lamellopodia, pseudopodia

Hint 64

flip flops

Front 65

what are ruffles of surface specializations?

Back 65

cytoplasmic veils or sheets

Hint 65

curtains

Front 66

what are blebs in surface specializations?

Back 66

tiny surface bumps

Hint 66

blebbity bumpity

Front 67

what are folds in surface specializations?

Back 67

furrows in cell surface

Hint 67

plow lines