Histology- Endocrine System

Front 1

endocrine system includes all endocrine tissue in which secretions are discharged directly into the blood

Back 1

it occurs in 2 forms

Front 2

Unorganized endocrine tissue occurs as?

Back 2

cells or group of cells forming part of some organs.

Front 3

The following examples of unorganized endocrine tissue are?

Back 3

1. islets of langerhans
2. interstitial cells of testis
3. corpus luteum of ovary
4. endocrine cells of G.I.T
5. Endocrine cells of placenta

Front 4

Organized endocrine tissue in the form of organs called endocrine glands. These include ....

Back 4

1. pituitary
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. suprarenal
5. pineal body

Front 5

thyroid gland is located, in neck over the larynx and upper part of trachea, made up of two lobes connected by an..

Back 5

isthmus

Front 6

histologically the gland is made up ?

Back 6

Stroma: the ct framwork contaqining the supplying vessels and nerves

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Capsule

Back 7

a dense CT around the gland

Front 8

Fine trabeculae

Back 8

divide the gland into indistinct lobules

Front 9

reticular fiber

Back 9

support the parenchyma

Front 10

Parenchyma-
1. thyroid follicles are....

Back 10

the units of the structure of the gland. They are spherical structures w/ wide lumina filled with a homogenous acidophilic material called Colloid.

Front 11

Follicular or principle cells form a layer of ____ _____ epithelium. they secrete _____ and ______-________ which activate metabolic processes and increase ______ rate.

Back 11

1. simple cuboidal
2. thyroxin
3. tri-iodothryonin
4.metabolic

Front 12

Parafollicular cells secrete hormone ____ or simply_____

Back 12

thyrocalcitonin
2. calcitonin

Front 13

calcitonin hormone suppresses _____ resorption, and thus tends to lower _____ levels of blood.

Back 13

1. bone
2. calcium

Front 14

blood capillaries are seen close..

Back 14

close to thyroid follicles lying in te interfollicular connective tissue

Front 15

PARATHYROID GLAND

Back 15

PARATHYROID GLAND

Front 16

Structure of parathyroid gland is comprised of ?

Back 16

1. stroma
2. parenchyma

Front 17

Stroma is fibrous CT containing supplying vessels and nerves, within stroma there are 3 layers.

Back 17

Capsule- thin, fibroelastic CT
Trabeculae- fine and not clearly distinct
reticular fibers- surround parenchymal components

Front 18

Parenchyma; made up of branching irregular cords of cells seperated by blood capillaries. 2 main types.

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1.Principal or chief cells
2. oxyphil cells

Front 19

principal / chief cells- small round cells, 2 types

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Dark cheif cells- secrete PARATHORMONE- promotes bone resorption
2. Light chief cells- represent an inactive form of dark chief cells

Front 20

Oxyphil cells represent

Back 20

a degenerative form of chief cells

Front 21

Clinical consideration is hyperthyroidism, in adults it leads to a condition known as _______ in children it leads to _______

Back 21

1. myxedema
2. cretinism

Front 22

HYPOparathyroidism

Back 22

1. hypocalcemic tetany
2. carpopedal spasm

Front 23

HYPERparathyroidism

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1. hypercalcemia
2. muscular hypotonia
3. weakness

Front 24

Suprarenal Gland

Back 24

two glands , one in relation to the superior pole of each kidney

Front 25

the structure of the gland consists of ...

Back 25

1. stroma
2. parenchyma

Front 26

stroma consist of

Back 26

capsule
fine trabeculae
reticular fibers

Front 27

parenchyma is the cellular component. Parenchyma of cortex are arranged in 3 layers.

Back 27

1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis

Front 28

Zona glomerulosa secrete the ______ eg, _______ these hormones control water and electrolyte balance

Back 28

1. mineralcorticoids
2. aldosterone

Front 29

Zona fasciculata widest zone of cortex, cells appear spongy thus called

Back 29

spongiocytes

Front 30

fasciculata- secrete hormones that control carbohydrate and protein metabolism called______ eg. _________

Back 30

1. glucocoticoids
2. cortisol

Front 31

zona reticularis secrete ______ the sex hormone

Back 31

gonadocorticoids

Front 32

parenchymal or medulla represents the precursor of hormones secreted by this zone, namely ________ AND ___ __________

Back 32

1. epinephrine
2. nor- epinephrine

Front 33

PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI)

Back 33

occupies depression in the sphenoid bone called the HYPOPHYSELA FOSSA. its hormones control most of the other endocrine glands.

Front 34

Anatomical features; gland is made up of two main parts a large anterior portion called _______ and a smaller posterior part connected to the brain called __________

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1. adenohypophysis
2. neurohypophysis

Front 35

Adenohypophysis is made up of 3 parts named?

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pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

Front 36

pars distalis are also known as _________. these cells are divided into two types based on affinity to stain. they are?

Back 36

1. pars anterior
2. chromophil
3. chromophobe

Front 37

Chromophil cells constitute 50% of the cells of pars distalis. the cells are divided into ____ and ______ cells

Back 37

1. acidophil
2. basophil

Front 38

Acidophil cells or alpha cells constitute 35% of the cells of pars distalis. these cells are known to secrete 2 hormones. they are?

Back 38

Growth hormone or somatotrophic hormone (STH) - promotes growth of body tissues
2. prolactin or luteotrophic hormone (LTH)- hormone promotes milk secretion in lactating females.

Front 39

Basophil cells or beta cells constitute 15% of the cells of pars distalis. Beta cells secrete the following.

Back 39

1. thyrotrophic or thyroid(TSH)- stimulates thyroid secretion
2. follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)- growth of ovarian follicles, in males formation of spermatozoa
3. luteinizing hormone(LH)- activates ovulation, promotes development of corpus luteum- males, interstitial cells of testes, secrete testosterone called interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
4. Adrenocorticotrophic hotmone (ACTH) corticol hormones of suprarenal gland

Front 40

Chromophobe or C cells constitute 50% of these cells. they are considered to be

Back 40

inactive formd of alpha and beta cells

Front 41

Pars tuberalis

Back 41

function not yet known

Front 42

Pars intermedia

Back 42

function in man not definitely known, in animals one hormone called MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)

Front 43

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS has three parts. name them

Back 43

Non-myelinated nerve fibers
2. herrings bodies
3. pituicytes

Front 44

non myelinated nerve fibers arise from____ and ______ nuclei. constitute what is known as _______ _______ tract.

Back 44

1.supra-optic and 2.paraventricular nuclei.
3. hypothalamic hypohphyseal

Front 45

Herrings bodies, rounded acidophilic structures characteristic to ________

Back 45

neurohypophysis

Front 46

Pituicytes are modified neuroglia cells that support the ....

Back 46

nervous element

Front 47

Blood capillaries are sites where hormones are?

Back 47

discharged

Front 48

the hormones of the neurohpophysis are two, what are they?

Back 48

1. oxytocin
2. vasopresin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 49

Oxytocin stimulates _____ of the uterus and the _____ _____ of the mammary glands.

Back 49

1.smooth muscle
2. myoepithelial

Front 50

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone has an antidiuretic effect w/ reduction of urine production by increasing ______ _______ at kidney tubules.it also causes _________ and elevation of _____ _____. its deficiency causes ______ ______

Back 50

1. resorption of fluids
2. vasoconstriction
3. blood pressure
4. diabetes insipidus

Front 51

Pineal Body

Back 51

gland is known as the biological clock.

Front 52

pineal gland contains two compunds named _________ (the sleep hormone) which is made up from the neurotransmitter ________

Back 52

1. melatonin
2. serotonin