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330 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 8 things that the digestive system consists of?
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oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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the lips are covered externally by ___ and internally by____.
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integument
mucosa |
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where is the skin devoid of hair follicles and the epidermis is thicker on the lip?
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muco-cutaneous
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what is the mucosa lined with in (ruminants and horses) and (carnivores and pigs)?
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stratified squamous epithelium
ruminants and horses: keratinized carnivores and pigs: non-keratinized |
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labial glands are usually ___ or _____and are distributed in the _____-_____.
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serous or seromucous
propria-submucosa |
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the tunica muscularis muscle of the lip consists of skeletal muscle fibers of the ____ ____ muscle.
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orbicularis oris m.
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what are the three parts cheeks are composed of?
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outer skin
middle muscular layer (buccinator muscle) internal mucosa |
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what is the mucosa of the cheek lined with?
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stratified squamous epithelium which may or may not be keratinized
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in ruminants, what is their cheek mucosa studded with?
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conical buccal papillae
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the buccal glands are located in the ____-_____ and may be ___, _____, or _____.
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propria-submucosa
serous mucous seromucus |
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what are the transverse ridges of the hard palate called?
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rugae
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what is the hard palate mucosa lined by?
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stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is particularly thick in ruminants
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what is the propria-submucosa composed of in the hard palate?
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dense network of capillaries and collagen and reticular fibers
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the palatine glands are ___ or _____ and located mainly in the ____ part of the hard palate.
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mucus or seromucus
caudal |
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In ruminants, the dental pad consists of a heavily _____ ____ ___ epithelium, overlying a thick layer of ___ ____ ____ tissue.
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keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
dense irregular connective tissue |
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the soft palate is lined by?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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the propria-submucosa of the soft palate contains ____, ____,. ____, or ____ palatine glands and lymphatic tissue.
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branched, tubuloacinar, mucous, or seromucuous palatine glands
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palatine tonsils are present in what 2 animals?
|
pigs and horses
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the palatine muscles are ____ muscle fibers oriented ____.
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skeletal muscle
longitudinally |
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what are the 5 functions of the tongue?
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1. eating, drinking, vocalization
2. muscular and mobile 3. epithelial specializations 4. sensitive and highly innervated 5. contains chemoreceptor sites |
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the tongue is a ___ organ covered by ___.
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muscular organ
mucosa |
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the tongue is lined by ___ ____ epithelium which is keratinized on the ___ surface and non-keratinized on the ____ surface.
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stratified sqamous epithelium
keratinized- dorsal non-keratinized- ventral |
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the mucosa contains and abundance of ___ and _____ anastomoses which participate in _____.
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capillaries and atriovenous anastomoses
thermoregulation |
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what are the intrinsic lingual muscles bundles of?
|
skeletal muscle
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how are the intrinsic lingual muscles arranged?
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longitudinal, transverse, and perpendicular direction.
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where are lingual papillae located on the tongue?
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dorsal surface of the tongue
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what is the function of lingual papillae?
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mechanical or gustatory function
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what are the three papillae that are purely mechanical?
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filiform, conical, and lenticular
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what are the three papillae that are gustatory?
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fungiform, vallate, and folliate
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what is the shape of filliform papillae?
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slender, thread like that project above the surface of the tongue.
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what type of epithelium do filliform papillae have?
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keratinized statified squamous
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what are the filliform papillae supported by?
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highly vascular connective tissue core
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in which animals is filliform papillae well developed?
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in ruminants and cats
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what are filliform papillae like in the horse?
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very fine keratinzed threads.
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what do conical lingual papilllae look like?
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larger than filliform papillae
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what type of epithelium do conical lingual papillae have?
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slightly (not highly) keratinized statified squamous
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where are conical papillae located and in which animals?
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root of tongue in dogs, cats, and pigs
on the torus linguae of ruminants |
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the conical lingual papillae contain what in pigs?
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a core of lymphatic tissue
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what do lenticular papillae look like?
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flattened, lens-shaped
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where are lenticular papillae located, in which animal?
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torus linguae of ruminants
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what are lenticular papillae covered with?
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keratinizes stratified squamous epithelium
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what type of ct do lenticular papillae have?
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a core of dense irregular ct.
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what do fungiform papillae look like?
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mushroom-shaped
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what are fungiform papillae covered with?
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nonkeratinized statified squamous epithelium.
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where are taste buds located in fungiform papillae?
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on the upper surface.
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in which animals are taste buds sparse, where are they numerous
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sparse in horses and cattle
numerous in sheep and pig abundant in carnivores and goats |
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what part of the fungiform papillae is rich in blood vessels and nerves?
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connective tissue core
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what do vallate papillae look like?
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large, flattened structures
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what are vallate papillae surrounded by?
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epithelium lined sulcus
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where are vallate papillae located on the tongue?
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extend only slightly over the lingual surface
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what are vallate papillae covered by?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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where are the taste buds located in vallate papillae?
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occur in the epithelium on the papillary side of the sulcus.
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In vallate papillae, what is present deep to the sulcus and their ducts?
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a group of serous gustatory glands are deep to the sulcus and their ducts open into the sulcus at various levels.
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in the vallate papillae, where are blood vessels and nerves contained?
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in the connective tissue core.
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what do foliate papillae look like?
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they are parallel folds of the lingual mucosa
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where are folilate papillae located on the tongue?
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on the caudo-lateral margin of the tongue
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whar are foliate papillae covered by?
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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where are taste buds located in foliate papillae?
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on the sides of the folds
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are foliate papillae present in ruminants?
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no
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in what animal are foliate papillae rudimentary and without tastebuds?
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in cats
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what type of cluster of cells does a taste bud consist of?
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spindle-shaped epithelial cells
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where do taste buds extend from?
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the basement membrane to a small opening
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what is the small opening of the taste bud?
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taste pore, at the epithelial surface
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what are the three types of cells in taste buds?
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sustentacular (supportive)
gustatory (taste receptor) basal cells |
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what type of nerves innervate the taste buds?
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non-myelinated afferent nerve fibers, closely associated with the gustatory cells.
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what is the lyssa?
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a cordlike structure present in the tongue of carnivores
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what is lyssa composed of? 4 things
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white adipose tissue
skeletal muscle blood vessels nerves |
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what is the lyssa enclosed by?
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dense irregular connective tissue capsule.
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what is the torus linguae?
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a large prominence on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the ruminant tongue.
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what is the dorsal lingual cartilage?
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is a mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord with hyaline cartilage, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle.
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in which animal is the dorsal lingual cartilage located?
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horse
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what are the two parts of the tooth?
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outer part- highly mineralized
central part- pulp cavity |
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what are the three parts of the outer part of the tooth?
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enamel, dentine, and cementum
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what does the pulp cavity?
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contains the dental pulp, a core of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
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what is the hardest substance of the body?
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enamel
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what is enamel composed of?
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99% mineral (hydroapatite) and 1% of organic matter
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what is enamel produced by?
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ameloblasts
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what is enamel like histologically?
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long, slender rods and enamel prisms, held together by inter-rod enamel.
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what is dentine composed of?
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70% minerals
30% organic material |
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what is in the mineral part of dentine? 4 things
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hydorxyapatite (mainly)
carbonate magnesium fluoride |
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what is the organic part of dentine made of?
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mainly collagen fibrils and glycoprotein.
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what is dentine produced by?
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odontoblasts.
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what does cementum resemble?
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bone
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what is cementum composed of?
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lamellae oriented parallel to the surface of the tooth with cemtocytes occupying the lacunae.
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what are the fibers, in cementum, that are bundles of collagen that extend from the aveolar bone into the cementum of the tooth?
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cemento-alveolar (Sharpey's fibers)
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the cemento-alveolar fibers form what ligment that anchors the tooth the alveolus?
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peridontal ligament.
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what are the two types of teeth?
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brachydont
hypsodont |
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what is characteristic of brachydont teeth?
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they cease to grow after eruption is completed
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what are the three features of brachydont teeth?
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crown
neck root |
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what is the crown of brachydont teeth covered by?
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enamel
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what is the root of the brachydont tooth covered by?
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cementum
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what is below both the enamel and cementum?
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a thick layer of dentine
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what animals have bracydont teeth and where are they located?
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all teeth of carnivores and incisors of ruminants
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what is characteristic of hypsodont teeth?
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they are much longer and continue to grow throughout life.
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do hyposont teeth have a crown and a neck ?
|
no
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do hypsodont teeth have cementum and enamel?
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yes, it covers the entire tooth
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how is the cementum and enamel situated on hypsodont teeth?
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enamel lies on a thick layer of dentin
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what is an infundibulum in the hypsodont tooth?
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a characterisitc enamel invagination.
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in what animals and where are hypsodont teeth located?
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cheek teeth of ruminants, all permanent teeth of horses and canine teeth of pigs. Also in rodents.
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what are the 3 major salivary glands in animals, and the 1 major salivary gland in carnivores?
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parotid
mandibular sublingual zygomatic (carnivores) |
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what are the 4 minor salivary glands in animals and the one unique to the cat?
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labial, lingual, buccal, palatine
molar (cats) |
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the parotid salivary gland is predominately what kind of gland?
|
serous gland
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what type of gland is the parotid gland structurally?
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compound acinar gland
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the acinus of the parotid gland has what shaped cells with ____ nuclei surrounded by _____ cytoplasm. Whereas the apex is filled with _____ granules.
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pyramidal shaped cells with basal nuclei surrounded by basophilic cytoplasm whereas the apex is filled with zymogen granules.
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what are the 3 ducts of the duct system of the parotid salivary gland?
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intercalated duct
striated duct interlobular duct |
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what is the intercalated duct of the parotid salivary gland lined with?
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low cubiodal epithelium
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what is the striated duct of th parotid salivary gland lined by?
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simple columnar epithelium. with characterisitic striations in the basal portion of the cells.
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what are the striations of the simple columnar epithelium created by?
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perpendiculary oriented mitochondria in the deep infolding of the basal cells membrane.
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what is the interlobar duct of the parotid gland lined with?
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simple columnar epithelium which changes to stratified columnar epi. as the duct becomes larger and fuse with similar ducts draining other lobules.
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what type of gland is the mandibular salivary gland?
|
seromucus (mixed)
compound tubuloacinar with a predominance of mucous acini and serous demilune |
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what are the cells of the secretory secretion unit of the mandibular salivary gland filled with?
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mucigen (precursor to mucus)
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what are the nuclei in the cells of the mucous secretory unit of the mandibular salivary gland located?
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displaced towards the basal part of the cell, and are usually flattened.
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where do serous demilunes occur in mandibular salivary glands?
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at the periphery
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where do the serous demilunes discharge their secretion in mandibular salivary gland?
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through the intercellular canaliculi
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what are the three parts of the duct system in the mandibular salivary gland?
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intercalated
striated interlobar ducts similar to that of the parotid gland |
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what type of gland is the sublingual salivary gland?
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seromucus (mixed)
compound tubuloacinar gland |
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in which animals is the sublingual salivary gland mainly mucus with few serous demilune?
|
cattle, pig, and sheep
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in which animals does the sublingual salivary gland contain serous acini in addition to typical mucous and serous demilunes?
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cats and dogs
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in which animals are striated and intercalated ducts prominent in sublingual salivary glands?
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horse, ruminants, and pigs
not in- dogs and cats |
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what is the main duct of the sublingual salivary gland lined with?
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stratified cuboidal epi.
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what type of gland is the zygomatic salivary gland?
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long branched tubuloacinar
predominately mucus |
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what are the cells like in the zygomatic salivary gland?
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small flattened serous demilune
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zygomatic salivary gland have almost non-existant ____ and ____ ducts.
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intercalated and striated ducts
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the molar salivary gland is histologically similar to which gland?
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zygomatic salivary gland
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where is the molar salivary gland located?
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near the commisure of the lips
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where do the ducts of the molar salivary gland open up?
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into the oral vestibule, opposite the molar teeth
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what are the 4 general structures of tubular organs?
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tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa tunica muscularis tunica serosa/adventica |
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what are the 3 parts of the tunica mucosa?
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epithelium
lamina propria- loose CT lamina muscularis |
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what is the tunica submucosa composed of?
|
connective tissue
glands and submucosal (Meissner's plexus) |
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what is the tunica muscularis made up of?
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smooth or skeletal muscles and myenteric (Auribach's) plexus
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what is the tunica serosa/adventica?
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outer most layer
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the tunica mucosa in the esophagus of the dog is lined by what?
|
nonkeratinized statified squamous
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what is the tunica mucosa in the esophagus of the pig, horse lined with?
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slightly keratinized stratified squamous
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what is the tunica mucosa in the esophagus of the horse lined with?
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highly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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what does the lamina propria in the esophagus consist of?
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collagen and elastic fibers
|
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what does the lamina muscularis of the esophagus consist of?
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longitudinal oriented smooth muscle bundles.
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what does the tunica submucosa of the esophagus consist of?
|
loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves.
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seromucus glands are present in the esophagus at the ____ ____ in horses, cats, and ruminants.
|
pharyngoesophageal junction
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seromucus glands are present in the cranial half of the esophagus of what animal?
|
pigs
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where are seromucus glands located in the esophagus of the dog?
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throughout the length of the esophagus of the dog.
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what does the tunica muscularis of the esophagus consist of?
|
inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of muscle.
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what is the tunica muscularis of the esophagus like in the ruminant and dog?
|
entirely striated
|
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what is the tunica muscularis like in the esophagus of the horse?
|
skeletal muscle makes up cranial 2/3 and changes to smooth muscle in caudal 3rd.
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what is the tunica muscularis of the esophagus like in the cat?
|
skeletal muscle may extend four-fifth of the length before changing into smooth muscle
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where does the inner circular layer of the tunica muscularis of the esophagus thicken?
|
at the cardia, forming the cardiac sphincter which is especially prominent in horses.
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what does the tunica adventica of the esophagus consist of?
|
tunica adventica in the cervical region and tunica serosa in thoracic and abdominal region
|
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what is the tunica adventica of the esophagus composed of?
|
loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.
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what are the layers of the stomach?
|
it has all three layers of a typical tubular organ.
tunica mucosa tunica muscularis tunica adventicia |
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what are the two types of stomachs?
|
simple
compound |
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in what animals is a simple stomach found?
|
carnivores, horses, and pig
|
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in what animal are compound stomachs found?
|
ruminants
|
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what are the components of a compound stomach?
|
rumen
reticulum omasum abomasum |
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what are the glandular parts of the compound stomach?
|
abomasum (true stomach)
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what are the nonglandular parts of a compound stomach?
|
rumen, reticulum, and omasum
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what is the nonglandular region seperated from the glandular region of the stomach in a horse?
|
margoplicatus
|
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what part of the stomach in the ruminant is most developed?
|
nonglandular (forestomach)
|
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what is the epithelium of the nonglandular stomach?
|
stratified squamous and may be keratinized depending on species and diet
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what is the muscosa of the rumen characterized by?
|
small tongue shaped papillae
|
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what is the epithelium of the rumen?
|
keratinized stratified squamous
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what does each papillae of the rumen contain in its core?
|
a dense feltwork of collagen, elastic, and reticular ribers
|
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what lies beneath the basement membrane of the epithelium in the rumen?
|
a dense network of fenestrated capillaries
|
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since the lamina muscularis is absent in the rumen what happens to the lamina propria?
|
the lamina propria blends with the submucosa (propria-submucosa)
|
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what is the tunica muscularis of the rumen composed of?
|
inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
|
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what is the tunica serosa composed of and what does it contain in the rumen?
|
loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium. It contains varying amounts of fat, as well as blood vessels and nerves.
|
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what is the mucosa characterized by in the reticulum?
|
reticular folds which have vertical ridges on their sides
|
|
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what is the covering between the reticular folds of the reticulum ?
|
covered by conical papillae which project into the lumen.
|
|
|
what is the epithelium in the reticulum?
|
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
|
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what is the propria sub-mucosa formed by in the reticulum?
|
a feltwork of collagen and elastic fibers.
|
|
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what is located in the upper part of the reticular fold in the propria submuscosa of the reticulum?
|
a band of smooth muscle
|
|
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what does the tunica muscularis of the reticulum consist of?
|
two layers of smooth muscle fibers
|
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how does the muscle fibers of the tunica muscularis run?
|
obliquely and cross at right angles
|
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what is the tunica serosa like in the reticulum ?
|
like the serosa of the rumen- loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium. It contains varying amounts of fat as well as blood vessels and nerves
|
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where does the reticular groove extend from?
|
the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice.
|
|
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what is the reticular groove bordered by?
|
two thick folds, labia (lips)
|
|
|
when the young animal suckles, what happens to the smooth muscles of the reticular groove?
|
smooth muscle layers of the labia contract reflexly during suckling, creating a channel that allows milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum.
|
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what is the omasal mucosa like?
|
characteristic omasal laminae or "leaves" which are studded with macroscopic papillae that help in grinding of the food.
|
|
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what is the epithelium of the omasum?
|
stratified squamous keratinized
|
|
|
what does the lamina propria of the omasum consist of?
|
a dense subepithelial capillary network
|
|
|
what does the lamina muscularis of the omasum form?
|
a thick layer just beneath the lamina propria on both sides of the laminae.
|
|
|
what is the submucosa of the omasum like ?
|
very thin
|
|
|
what is the tunica muscularis of the omasum composed of?
|
a thin, outer longitudinal layer and a thicker, inner circular layer of smooth muscle whose inner most layer is continued into the omasal laminae as the intermediate muscle sheet.
|
|
|
what are the three regions of the glandular stomach?
|
cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions
|
|
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what is the muscosa like of the glandular stomach?
|
extensive gastric folds which flatten as the stomach fills.
|
|
|
what are the invaginations of the surface of the glandular stomach, what are they continuous with?
|
invaginations- gastic pits continuous with gastic glands
|
|
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what is the mucosal surface and gastic pits lined by?
|
simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
gastric glands are densely packed where in the stomach?
|
within the lamina propria
|
|
|
what is the lamina muscularis like of the stomach?
|
thick
|
|
|
in which animal is the cardiac gland region most developed?
|
in pigs
|
|
|
what are the glands like in the cardiac gland region of the stomach?
|
relatively short, simple branched, coiled tubular glands
|
|
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what do the glands release in the cardiac gland region of the stomach?
|
mucous secretory product
|
|
|
what are the cells of the cardiac glands of the cardiac gland region of the stomach?
|
cubiodal and their nuclei are located in the basal portion of the cells.
|
|
|
where do the cardiac glands empty in the cardiac gland region of the stomach?
|
into relativley shallow gastric pits
|
|
|
what are fundic glands like in the fundic gland region of the stomach?
|
straight, branched tubular glands
|
|
|
where do the fundic glands extend to?
|
the lamina muscularis
|
|
|
what do the fundic glands consist of?
|
a short neck, a long body, and a slightly dilated blind end
|
|
|
what are the 4 distinct cell types that comprise the secretory epithelium in the fundic gland region of the stomach?
|
mucus neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells
|
|
|
what do the mucus neck cells of the fundic gland region occupy?
|
the neck of the gland
|
|
|
what kind of cells are mucous neck cells?
|
they are typical mucous cells with a flat nucleus located towards the cell base.
|
|
|
what type of cytoplasm do mucous neck cells have?
|
basophillic
|
|
|
what are chief cells also known as?
|
aymogen cells
|
|
|
what are the most numerous cells of the fundic gland region?
|
chief cells
|
|
|
what are the shapes of chief cells?
|
cuboidal or pyramidal with spherical nucleus near the base of the cell.
|
|
|
basal chief cells have extensive ____ resulting in ____ cytoplasm.
|
rER
basophilic |
|
|
What are in the apical area of chief cells?
|
vacuoles of zymogen granules
|
|
|
what do chief cells secrete?
|
pepsinogen which is transformed into pepsin by hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
Parietal cells are ___ and ____ numerous than chief cells and occur _____.
|
larger
less numerous occur singly |
|
|
what type of nucleus do parietal cells have?
|
spherical nucleus
|
|
|
the cytoplasm of parietal cells stains deeply with ____ and has a ____ appearance due to presence of numerous mitochondria.
|
eosin
granular |
|
|
parietal cells contain an abundance of carbonic anhydrase that helps in the formation of ____ ____.
|
hydrochloric acid
|
|
|
endocrine cells of the fundic gland region are responsible for production of GIT hormones such as: 4 things
|
gastrin
secretin cholecystokinin gastic inhibitory polypeptide |
|
|
where are endocrine cells located in the fundic gland region of the stomach?
|
wedged in between the basement membrane and chief cells
|
|
|
how are endocrine cells stained?
|
with silver stain, also referred to as argentaffian cells
|
|
|
where is the secretory product of endocrine released into?
|
directly into capillaries
|
|
|
what are pyloric glands like?
|
branched, coiled tubular glands that are relatively shorter than other gastric glands
|
|
|
the gastic pits of the pyloric region are considerably ____ than other organs.
|
deeper
|
|
|
what type of cells are in the pyloric gland region?
|
mucous with flat nuclei located at the base of the cell
|
|
|
how do the mucous cells of the pyloric gland region stain?
|
light stain apical cytoplasm
|
|
|
what forms the pyloric sphincter?
|
middle circular layer of the tunica muscularis
|
|
|
what are the other four layers of the stomach?
|
lamina muscularis
tunica submucosa tunica muscularis tunica serosa |
|
|
what is the lamina muscularis composed of the stomach?
|
fibers irregulary interwoven smooth muscle.
|
|
|
what is the function of the lamina muscularis in the stomach?
|
helps in the emptying of the glands
|
|
|
what is the tunica submusosa of the stomach composed of?
|
loose connective tissue and many elastic fibers, blood vessels, and nerves.
|
|
|
what is the tunica muscularis composed of in the stomach?
|
inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers (3 layers!!!)
|
|
|
what is the tunica serosa composed of in the stomach?
|
loose connective tissue with numerous adipose cells.
|
|
|
what are the 3 types of specialized structures in the small intestine that help to increase absorption?
|
mucosal folds
intestinal villi microvilli |
|
|
where are the mucosa folds located in the small intestine?
|
cranial two thirds
|
|
|
what is the surface of the mucosa covered by?
|
intestinal villi
|
|
|
the absorptive surface of the small intestine is further increased by the ___?
|
microvilli
|
|
|
what type of epithelium is located in the small intestine?
|
simple columnar
|
|
|
what is the tunica musosa of the small intestine lined by?
|
simple columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cell
|
|
|
where are goblet cells greatest in number in the small intestine?
|
caudal part of the small intestine (ileum)
|
|
|
where do goblet cells decrease in number in the small intestine?
|
tip of the villi
|
|
|
the simple columnar epithelium of the tunica mucosa have prominent _____ which forms a striated border (absorptive function)
|
prominent microvilli
|
|
|
the apical cytoplasm of the tunica mucosa contains __ and ___.
|
smooth ER (synthesis of triglycerides)
Golgi complex (digestive enzymes secretion) |
|
|
the basal cytoplasm of the tunica mucosa contains extensive ___ and ___,.
|
rough ER and free ribosomes (digestive enzymes synthesis)
|
|
|
at the base of the villi, there are simple branched tubular invaginations termed?
|
crypts of Lieberkuhn or intestinal glands
|
|
|
The intestinal glands are lined by __ ___ ___ which multipley and migrate to the villus, giving rise to the ____ and ____ cells.
|
low columnar cells
columnar and goblet cells |
|
|
near the base of the intestinal gland, ___ cells are present in ruminants and horses.
|
paneth cells
|
|
|
paneth cells are ___ shaped with prominent _____ granules.
|
pyrimial shaped
acidophillic granules |
|
|
paneth cells produce ___ and ___ and antibacteral component
|
peptidase and lysozyme
|
|
|
____ cells are also present in the intestinal gland.
|
enteroendocrine (argentaffian) cells
|
|
|
The ____ ___ fomrs the core of the villi and surrounds the intestinal glands.
|
lamina propria
|
|
|
the lamina propria is composed of?
|
loose connective tissue with prominent reticular fiber network, rich in blood vessels, fibrocytes, smooth muscles, plasma cells, and mast cells
|
|
|
what type of tissue/ nodules are diffuse throughout the lamina propria?
|
lymphatic tissue or lymphatic nodules
|
|
|
Where does the number of lymphatic nodules increase in the small intestine?
|
toward the ileum
|
|
|
A single lymphatic capillary, the ____, is located at the ___ of the villus. It is the origin of the lymph ___ that forms a plexus at the base of the villus.
|
lacteal
center vessl |
|
|
the lam ina muscularis of the small intestine is ___ and ___, expect in the ___ where is it complete and thicker.
|
thin and incomplete
except dog |
|
|
the tunica muscularis of the sm. int. is ____ oriented sm. muscle fibers derived from the lamina muscularis and exends to the tip of the ___.
|
longitudinally
tip of the villi |
|
|
what is the function of the lamina muscularis of the sm. int. ?
|
movement of blood and lymph
|
|
|
the tunica submucosa of the small intestine is composed of a layer of?
|
connective tissue
|
|
|
true or false in the sm. int. the tunica submucosa CT is less dense than the CT of the lamina propria?
|
false, tunica submuscosa is thicker
|
|
|
what is the name of the glands that are located mainly in the duodenum in the tunica submuscosa layer?
|
submucosal (Brunner's) glands
|
|
|
what type of gland is the submucosal (Brunner's) gland in the dog and ruminant, pig and horse, and cat?
|
dog and ruminant- mucous
pig and horse- serous cat- mixed |
|
|
large aggregated lymphatic nodules aka _____ are mainly present in the ileum?
|
peyers patches
|
|
|
what two things are prominent in the submucosa?
|
blood vessels and nerves
|
|
|
the tunica muscularis of the small intestine consists of ____ and ____ smooth muscle layer. The connective tissue between the two layers contains the ____ plexus.
|
inner circular
outer longitudinal myenteric plexus |
|
|
what is the largest gland in the body
|
Liver
|
|
|
what is the regenerative capability of the liver?
|
high regeneration power
|
|
|
what are the 4 functions of the liver?
|
secretion
metabolism hemopoiesis phagocytosis and detoxification |
|
|
what does the liver secrete?
|
bile
|
|
|
what does the liver metabolize?
|
protein, carbohydrate, lipid, hemoglobin, and drugs
|
|
|
when is hemopoiesis active in the liver?
|
in fetal life
|
|
|
what is the capsule of the liver made up of?
|
typical serosa: thin connective tissue - Glisson's capsule
|
|
|
the connective tissue from the liver capsule extends into the liver as _____ connective tissue which supports the ____ and forms lobules.
|
interlobular connective tissue
parenchyma |
|
|
the interlobular tissue is ___ in most species, except in ____
|
scant
pigs |
|
|
the interlobar connective tissue is prominent in areas containing branches of portal areas which are - 4 things?
|
hepatic artery
portal vein bile duct lymphatics |
|
|
what is the anatomical unit of the liver?
|
classic lobules
|
|
|
what do the classical lobules conists of?
|
plates or laminae or hepatocytes, radiating from the centrally-placed central vein
|
|
|
what is the shape of the classical lobule?
|
roughly hexagonal
|
|
|
where is a portal area present in the classical lobule?
|
between three adjacent lobules
|
|
|
what is the functional unit in relation to bile secretion of the liver?
|
portal lobule
|
|
|
what is the shape of the portal lobule?
|
triangular shaped
|
|
|
what is the portal lobule composed of?
|
the portal area int he center and three central veins of the classic lobules at the peripheral angles.
|
|
|
what is the functional unit of the liver in relation to metabolic activity?
|
liver acinus
|
|
|
what is the shape of the liver anicus
|
diamnou
|
|
|
what is the liver acinus composed of?
|
two central veins at the apposing points
|
|
|
hepatocytes are ____ and have ____ surfaces.
|
polyhedral
three surfaces |
|
|
the microvillus surface of the hepatocyte faces the ___ space.
|
perisinusoidal space
|
|
|
the canalicular surface of the hepatocyte borders the _____ ____
|
bile canaliculi
|
|
|
the_____ surface between adjacent hepatocytes where apposed cell membranes may have gap junctions and desmosomes
|
contact surface
|
|
|
hepatocytes have a ___ placed vesicular nucleus occasionally binuculeate.
|
centrally
|
|
|
hepatocytes also have numerous ___, ___, ____,. and well developed ___ and ____ and _____ complexes. along with a nucleus.
|
numerous mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and well developed rER and sER and golgi complexes
|
|
|
after feeding, the hepatocytes ___ and are filled with numerous ___ and ___ inclusions.
|
enlarge
glycogen and lipid inclusions |
|
|
what is the bile canaliculus?
|
an expanded intercellular space between the membranes of adjacent hepatocytes
|
|
|
what do the cell membranes contain that are bordering bile canaliculi?
|
short microvilli
|
|
|
what is adjacent to the bile canaliculi to prevent bile from escaping into the narrow intercellular space?
|
tight junctions
|
|
|
how is bile flow directed?
|
bile canaliculi-> interlobular bile ducts -> hepatic ducts -> bile duct
|
|
|
what are bile ductules and smaller bile ducts lined by?
|
simple cuboidal epithelium
|
|
|
what are larger bile ducts, hepatic and bile ducts lined by?
|
simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
what vessel brings blood from the intestine to the liver?
|
portal vein
|
|
|
what vessel brings oxygenated blood to the liver?
|
hepatic artery
|
|
|
where are the interlobular branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery found?
|
at the portal areas
|
|
|
what is located between hepatic laminae?
|
hepatic sinusoids
|
|
|
what carries blood from the terminal branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein to the central vein?
|
hepatic sinusoids
|
|
|
what are hepatic sinusoids lined by?
|
endothelial cells and stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)
|
|
|
the endothelium is seperated from the hepatocytes by _____ space.
|
perisinusoidal space
|
|
|
The hepatocytes ___ extend into the perisinusoidal space, allowing exchange of substances between ___ and ___.
|
microvilli
blood and hepatocytes |
|
|
blood from the sinusoids enters the ____ ___ and drain the hepatic vein to the ___ ___ ___.
|
central vein
caudal vena cava |
|
|
what are 4 animals that do not have a gallbladder?
|
horses, rats, deer, pigeons
|
|
|
what are the 4 functions of the gall bladder?
|
storage, concentration, acidification, and delivery of BILE
|
|
|
the mucosa of the gall bladder is thrown into numerous folds in the contracted (empty) state and lined by ___ ___ epithelium. Goblet cells are present only in ___.
|
simple columnar epithelium
cattle |
|
|
the propria submucosa of the gallbladder is composed of ?
|
loose connective tissue, lymphatic tissue- either diffuse or nodular
|
|
|
In ruminants, the propria submucosa will also contain?
|
serous or mucous glands
|
|
|
the tunica muscularis of the gallbladder is composed of?
|
circularly arranged smooth muscles.
|
|
|
the exocrine pancreas is a ___ ____ gland.
|
compound tubuloalveolar gland
|
|
|
what are the three enzymes the pancreas produces?
|
amylase, lipase, and trypsin
|
|
|
the pancreas is similar to the parotid salivary gland, execept? 2 things
|
presence of centroacinar cells
interlobular ducts are not striated |
|
|
where are the centroacinar ducts located in the pancreas?
|
in the lumen of the secretory acinus.
|
|
|
what do centroacinar cells secrete, what does the secretin do?
|
bicarbinate which raises the pH of the intestinal contents, therby facilitating the action of intestinal digestive enzymes.
|
|
|
what type of corpuscles in the pancreas are frequently present in cats?
|
lamellar (Paccinian) corpuscles
|
|
|
what does the tunica muscularis of the small intestine consists of?
|
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer.
|
|
|
The connective tissue between the layers of the tunica muscularis of the small intestine?
|
myenteric plexus
|
|
|
the tunica muscularis of the small intestine is thickest in the ____.
|
horses
|
|
|
the tunica serosa of the small intestine consists of ?
|
of loose CT covered by mesothelium.
|
|
|
the large intestine is the site for microbial action on the ___, ___, and ___ of mucus.
|
ingesta
absorption secretion of mucous |
|
|
the large intestine is characterized by an absence of ____.
|
villi
|
|
|
the large intestine contains ___, ___-____, simple ____ glands with many ____ cells.
|
longer, less-coiled, simple tubular glands with many goblet cells.
|
|
|
the large intestine is absent of ____ cells.
|
paneth
|
|
|
the large intestine is characterized by an increase in number of _____ ____.
|
lymphatic nodules
|
|
|
the large intestine is characterized by ____ circulares are absent but ____ folds are present.
|
plicae circulares
longitudinal folds |
|
|
the cecum has a substancial number of _____ ____ scattered throughout its length.
|
lymphatic nodules
|
|
|
the mucosa of the colon is substancially ____ because of the increased length of _____ glands.
|
thicker
intestinal glands |
|
|
in ___ and ____ outer longitudinal layer of the tunica muscularis form flat muscle bands containing numerous elastic fibers, called ____.
|
pigs and horses
taenia |
|
|
in rectum there is an increase number of ___ cells?
|
goblet cells
|
|
|
in pigs and carnivores, the anal has ___, ____, and ____ zone.
|
columnar, intermediate,and cutaneous zone
|
|
|
the columnar zone of the anal canal contains _____ folds
|
longitudinal folds (anal columns)
|
|
|
the intermediate zone is a narrow strip between ___ and ____ zone.
|
columnar and cutaneous zone
|
|
|
the mucosa of both columnar and intermediate zone of the anal canal is lined by ____ ___ ___ epithelium and have ___ sweat glands.
|
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and tubuloalveolar sweat glands.
|
|
|
The cutaneous zone of the anal canal is lined by ____ ____ ____ epithelium.
|
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
|
In carnivores, anal sacs are _____ evaginations of anal ___ , having modified ___ ___.
|
bilateral evaginations
anal muscosa modified sweat glands |
