Histology Chp2 Basic Tissues

Front 1

epithelium

Back 1

-sheets of aggregated cells of similar types that cover or line the external and internal surfaces of the body
- rests on the basement membrane which can be demonstrated with PAS technique or Ag salt staining
-fx: protection, absorption, secretion and diffusion

Front 2

Basement membrane in EM

Back 2

1. lamina lucida: low density, clear area next to the epithelium
2. lamina densa (basalis): e-dense
-1&2 synthesized by the epithelium and are composed mainly of proteoglycans and special type of collagen
3. subassal lamina: composed of reticular fibers, connects the lamina densa to the subepithelial connective tissue

Front 3

Layers of epithelium

Back 3

-simple: single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane
-stratified: 2 or more layers of cells with only the bassal cell layer resting on the basement membrane

Front 4

shape of cells

Back 4

further division of the simple and stratified epithelium based on the shape of the cells: squamous, cuboidal and columnar

Front 5

simple squamous epithelium

Back 5

-single layer of thin, flat and scale-like cells
-spherical or oval nucleus gives slightly elevated (bulging) appearance
-lining of blood vessels, pleural and peritoneal cavities, pulmonary alveoli and glomerular capsule

Front 6

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 6

-single layer of cuboidal cells with centrally placed nucleus
- thyroid gland, collecting ducts of the kidney

Front 7

simple columnar epithelium

Back 7

-consists of tall, narrow cells
-nucleus oval and located near base of cell
-stomach, intestine and gall bladder

Front 8

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 8

-single layer of cells
-because of the different cell shape and nuclei location at various levels it gives and impression of stratified
- trachea and bronchi (ciliated form)

Front 9

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 9

-several layers of cells with the most superficial cells having a squamous shape
-skin (keratinized) and cornea (non-keratinized)
-keratinized: cannot see nucleus on top layer
-cells flat towards top layer

Front 10

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 10

mostly 4-5 layer
- lining the excretory ducts of glands

Front 11

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 11

-parotid and mandibular gland ducts
-mostly 2 layered

Front 12

transitional epithelium

Back 12

-lines certain hollow organs and is capable of considerable distention
-urinary bladder and urethra
- relaxed state: superficial cells are dome-shaped and bulge into lumen
- stretched: reduced to only a few layers of flattened cells

Front 13

glands

Back 13

consists of glandular or secretory epithelium and duct system (parenchyma=fuctional tissue) with a supportive framework of connective tissue (stroma)

Front 14

classification of glands

Back 14

- uni and multicellular
- endocrine: ductless, secretions released into intercellular fluid and transported to the site of action by the blood
-exocrine: system of ducts
-simple or compound

Front 15

simple tubular gland

Back 15

1. straight: large intestine
2. coiled: sweat gland
3. branched: stomach

Front 16

simple alveolar or acinar gland

Back 16

sac
- sebaceous gland

Front 17

simple branched alveolar or acinar gland

Back 17

large sebaceous gland
-saclike, branched

Front 18

simple branched tubulo-acinar (alveolus) gland

Back 18

-shaped like frog tongue
- minor salivary gland of oral cavity

Front 19

compound glands

Back 19

=branched
1. tubular
2. alveolar or acinar: parotid
3. tubulo-alveolar: pancreas

Front 20

duct system

Back 20

-lobule= small components of glands
-intralobular: within lobule, striated in salivary gland and intercalated ducts in pancreas
-interlobular: b/w lobules
-lobar ducts: duct of a lobe
-main ducts: duct of a gland

Front 21

serous glands

Back 21

-produce thin, watery secretion
- spherical nuclei in the center or lower half and their apical cytoplasm is filled with small secretory (zymogen) granules
-parotid salivary gland

Front 22

mucous glands

Back 22

-produce a thick, viscous (mucin) secretion that forms a protective covering
-cells stain lightly with H&E because of mucin
-nuclei are flattened and displaced towards basal part of cell

Front 23

seromucous or mixed glands

Back 23

-serous and mucous acini
-generally, serous cells are located over the mucous acini as serous demilunes
-mandibular salivary gland

Front 24

merocrine

Back 24

secretory granules in a membrane are discharged by exocytosis

Front 25

apocrine

Back 25

membrane-bounded granule, together with rim of cytoplasm and plasmalemma, is released from the apex of the cell
-sweat and mammary glands

Front 26

holocrine

Back 26

entire cell is released as the secretory product
-sebaceous glands

Front 27

cytocrine

Back 27

-secretory material from one cell is transferred from the one cell to the cytoplasm of another cell
-eg transfer of melanin pigment from the melanocytes into the keratinocytes

Front 28

myoepithelial cells

Back 28

-interposed between the secretory cells and basement membrane
- when contracted, these cells force the secretory product into the duct system

Front 29

connective tissues

Back 29

connects other tissue and provides a framework to support the entire body by cartilage and bones

Front 30

composition of connective tissue

Back 30

1. cells: mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, pericytes, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, pigment cells
2. fibers: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
3. amorphous ground substance: proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and interstitial fluid

Front 31

mesenchymal cells

Back 31

-irregularly shaped with multiple processes, usually found adjacent to blood vessels
-serve as a resevoir of cells that can differentiate into any other type of connective tissue

Front 32

fibroblast cells

Back 32

-most common cell and responsible for the synthesis of fibers and intercellular ground substance (wound repair)
-connective tissue
- stages of activity:
1. active: fibroblast has long and branched cystoplasmic processes
2.quiescent: fibrocyte
-nucleus is ovoid and euchromatic
-cytoplasm rich in rough ER and golgi complex

Front 33

myofibroblast

Back 33

-fibroblasts which contain actin filaments
- play a role in contraction during wound healing
-connective tissue

Front 34

reticular cells

Back 34

-stellate-shaped cells with spherical nuclei and basophilic cytoplasm
-produce reticular fibers
-connective tissue

Front 35

adipocytes

Back 35

1. unilocular: filled with large lipid droplets and nucleus is displaced to the periphery
2. mulitlocular: brown fat, centrally located nucleus with multiple lipid droplets, high concentration of mitochondria in cytoplasm
- connective tissue

Front 36

pericytes

Back 36

-elongated cells located adjacent to the endothelum lining small blood vessels
- contain actin and myosin
-potential to transform into other cells
-participate in the healing process
-connective tissue

Front 37

mast cells

Back 37

-common in loose connective tissue and abundant around blood vessels
- large polymorphic, spherical or ovoid cells
-contain numerous secretory granules in cytoplasm
-toludine blue stain: granules stain red (metachromatic stain)
-produce heparin and histamine (vasoconstrictor)

Front 38

plasma cells

Back 38

-connective tissue
-spherical or ovoid with spherical, eccentric nucleus
-arrangement of chromatin gives the nucleus a cart wheel like appearance
- cytoplasm is intensely basophilic
-abundant in lyphatic tissues and lamina propria of the GIT
-develop from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies

Front 39

macrophage

Back 39

-connective tissue
-phagocytic cells derived from monocytes that migrate across the blood vessel walls into the CT
-large, ovoid or spherical cells that contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous lysosomes

Front 40

pigment cells

Back 40

-connective tissue
- contain pigments such as melanin
- dermis, uterine caruncles, choroid and iris

Front 41

leukocytes

Back 41

-connective tissue
- lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes (blood cells) that migrate through the capillary walls to the connective tissue

Front 42

collagen fibers

Back 42

-connective tissue
- present in tendon, ligament and organ capsule
- adundant in mature CT
-fibrous protein
- strong, flexible but inelastic
- wavy arrangement
- fresh fibers are white
- Van Gieson's (stain) method: red
- Mallory and Masson's trichrome stain: blue

Front 43

reticular fibers

Back 43

-connective tissues
-form delicate, flexible networks around capillaries, muscle fibers and nerves
- form framework of liver endocrine and lymphatic organs
- stained with silver impregnation (agryrophilic or argentaffin) or PAS reagent
- are individual collagen fibrils (type III) coated with proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Front 44

elastic fibers

Back 44

-connective tissue
- in structures that require elasticity: aorta, muscular arteries, nuchal ligament, pinna of ear, lungs
- individual, branching and coiled fibers
- H&E: stained light pink
- orcein and resorcin-fuchsin: stained selectively
- composed of elastin protein, covered by glycoprotein (fibrillin)

Front 45

amorphous ground substance

Back 45

-cells and fibers of CT are embedded in an amorphous ground substance composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans
-proteoglycans formed by covalently linking GAGs to protein core

Front 46

major gycosaminoglycans (GAG) types

Back 46

1. hylauronic acid: vitreous body of eye and in synovial fluid
2. chondroitin sulphate: cartilage, bone, and large blood vessels
3. dermatin sulphate: tendons and ligaments
4. keratin sulfate: cartilage and bones
5. heparin sulfate: arteries and lungs

Front 47

Embryonic connective tissue types

Back 47

1. mesenchymal CT
2. mucous or gelatinous CT

Front 48

Adult connective tissue types

Back 48

1. loose or areolar CT
2. dense CT
3. elastic CT
4. reticular CT
5. adipose CT

Front 49

special connective tissue types

Back 49

1. cartilage
2. bone

Front 50

mesechymal CT

Back 50

-type of embryonic CT
-composed of mesenchymal cells and amorphous fluid-filled ground substance
- cells processes contact adjacent cells to form a 3D network
- mesenchyme gives rise to various types of adult CT

Front 51

mucous or gelatinous CT

Back 51

-type of embryonic CT
-umbilical cord
-papillae of omasal laminae
-reticular fold
- bovine glans penis
- characterized by stellate fibroblasts and viscous, gel like amorphous ground substance with collagen fibers

Front 52

loose or areolar CT

Back 52

- type of adult connective tissue
- found beneath epithelium (lamina propria, hypodermis), around blood vessels and nerves, and in serous membranes

Front 53

adult CTs

Back 53

-ground substance predominates
- many scattered cells of various types
- loose network of fine collagenous, reticular and elastic fibers

Front 54

dense CT

Back 54

-type of adult CT
- mainly composed of thick collagenous fibers and few fibroblasts
- irregular: capsules of organs, deep layer of dermis
-regular: tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

Front 55

elastic CT

Back 55

-type of adult CT
- characterized by numerous regularly or irregularly arranges elastic fibers
-nuchal ligament, vocal ligament

Front 56

reticular CT

Back 56

-type of adult CT
- composed of numerous reticular cells and a network of reticular fibers
-spleen, lymph nodes, liver

Front 57

adipose CT

Back 57

-type of adult CT
- consists of adipocytes within the loose CT of mesenteries
-around blood vessels and nerves
- types: white and brown

Front 58

cartilage

Back 58

-type of connective tissue
- consists of chondroblasts and chondrocytes with a matrix
- lacks blood vessels

Front 59

chondroblasts

Back 59

-oval-shaped with a spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm
-cells form the matrix of the cartilage -found in growing cartilage

Front 60

chondrocytes

Back 60

-located in the lacuna
-spherical nucleus with basophilic cytoplasm
-fine structural level: cell fills the lacuns by a short cytoplasmic process

Front 61

cartilage matrix

Back 61

-composed of fiber and ground substance containing:
1. proteoglycans,
2. glycosaminoglycans: chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, -and-
3. adhesive molecules: chondronectin and fibronectin
- matrix shows marked metachromasia

Front 62

hyaline cartilage

Back 62

-articular surfaces of bones, nose, trachea
- chondrocytes occur singly in a lacuna or in clusters called isogenous groups
- amorphous ground substance (GS) is a firm gel-laced with type 2 collagen fibers which have the same refractive index as GS
- GS divided into darkly stained territorial (high [sulfated GAGs]) and pale stained interterritorial matrix
- surrounded by perichondrium: outer fibrous layer (collagen and fibroblasts) and inner cellular/ chondrogenic layer (chondroblast)

Front 63

elastic cartilage

Back 63

-pinna and epiglottis
- similar to hyaline except that a large amount of elastic fibers are embedded in the GS

Front 64

fibrocartilage

Back 64

-invertertebral discs and menisci
- characterized by presence of prominent type 1 collagen fibers in the matrix
- lacks distinct perichondrium, although surrounded by collagen fibers

Front 65

bone tissue

Back 65

-special CT
- composed of intecellular calcified material (bone matrix) and three cell types:
1. osteoblasts
2. osteocytes
3. osteoclasts

Front 66

osteoblasts

Back 66

-varies from columnar to squamous
-located on surface of the bone
-nucleus located in basal region of the intensely basophilic cytoplasm
-secretes osteoid (organic matter of the bony matrix) which is subsiquently calcified by the deposition of calcium salts

Front 67

osteocytes

Back 67

-derived from osteoblasts
-lie in lacuna
-surrounded by calcified interstitial matrix
-numerous long processes extend into the canaliculi within the matrix and make contact with adjacent osteocytes

Front 68

osteoclasts

Back 68

-large multinucleated cells located in the area of bone resorption or remodeling
- activated osteoclast has ruffled border created by extensive infolding of the cell membrane
-secretes acid and lysosomal enzymes for bone resorption

Front 69

bone matrix

Back 69

-organic matter contains sulfated GAGs, glycoprotein, and type1 collagen fibers, coursing in a spiral direction
- in organic matter, Ca and P are abundant but bicarbonate, citrate, Mg, K and Na are also found
- Ca and P form hydroxyapatite crystals deposited as slender needles within the collagen network

Front 70

periosteum

Back 70

-consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers
- absent on the articulating surfaces and sites where tendons and ligament insert on bones
- collagen forms the fibrous layer of the periosteum
-tendon and ligaments are embedded in the bone matrix as perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Front 71

endosteum

Back 71

-lines the marrow cavity with a single layer of squamous cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 72

periosteum

Back 72

-fibrous and osteogenic layers
- absent on the articulating surfaces and where tendons & ligaments insert
- collagen fibers form the fibrous layer of the periosteum
-tendons and ligaments are embedded in the bone matrix as perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Front 73

endosteum

Back 73

lines the marrow cavity with a single layer of squamous cells, osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Front 74

compact bone

Back 74

-compact forms outer shells of diaphyses and epiphyses
-consists of osteons or Haversian systems, outer and inner circumferential lamellae and interstitial lamellae

Front 75

spongy bone

Back 75

-spongy bone occurs in the interior of the epiphysis
-consists of delicate bony plates and spicules which run in various directions

Front 76

osteons (compact bone)

Back 76

-compact bone
- consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae
- the central canal contains blood vessels, nerves and loose CT
-concentric lamellae are collagen
-lacunae containing osteocytes are found between lamellae
- each osteon is surrounded by cementing substance that consists of a mineralized matrix with a few collagen fibers
-central canals are connected by perforating canals

Front 77

ossification

Back 77

1. intramembranous: skull bones (except base of skull)
2. intracartilagenous or endochondral: appendicular skeleton, veterebral column and bones of the base of the skull

Front 78

muscular tissue

Back 78

-contractible
- produces organized movement upon contraction
- specialized cells are myocytes (myofibers)
- cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) is eisinophilic because of numerous myofilaments

Front 79

types of muscle

Back 79

1. skeletal: striated and voluntary
2. cardiac: straited and involuntary
3. smooth: non-striated and involuntary, eg wall of GIT, uterus, urinary bladded

Front 80

skeletal muscle gen

Back 80

-myocytes (fibers) are elongated cells, 10-110microm diam, up to 50cm long
- fibers derived from prenatal fusion of many mononuclear myoblasts
-multiple peripheral oval nuclei

Front 81

myofibrils

Back 81

-each muscle cells has myofibrils arranged longidtudinally
-composed of thick and thin myofilaments

Front 82

filaments of skeletal m

Back 82

1. thick: primarily of myosin
2. thin: actin, troponin and tropomyosin
- overlap in darker A band (anisotropic)
-I band: light, only thin myofilaments (isotropic)

Front 83

sarcomere

Back 83

-in EM, each I band is bissected by the dark, transverse Z line
-between two adjacent Z lines
- each A band shows a lighter zone in the center, the H band, which is bissected by the M line
- sarcoplasm contains smooth ER (sarcoplasmic reticulum), glycogen, mitochondria, and myoglobin; covered by sarcolemma (cell mem)

Front 84

organization of skeletal m

Back 84

-endomysium: basal lamina and reticular fibers that surrounds each muscle fiber
- perimysium: dense irregular CT that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)
-epimysium: dense irregular CT that surrounds a muscle

Front 85

satellite cells of skeletal m

Back 85

-spindle shaped with heterochromatic nuclei located adjacent to myocytes
- represent inactive myoblasts that can be activated upon injury to initiate some regeneration of muscle fibers

Front 86

red and white muscle fibers

Back 86

-red: slow twitch, smaller, rich in myoglobin and mitochondria
-white: fast twitch, larger, few mitochondria

Front 87

cardiac muscle

Back 87

- myocytes branch and anastomose
-single, central nucleus
-sarcoplasm acidophilic
-intercalated discs link adjecent cells mechanically and electrically
- fine reticular and collagenous fibers surrounds each fiber
- myofibrils similar to skeletal m
- purkinje fibers: impulse conducting, central nucleus, granular (high glycogen) sarcoplasm, few myofibrils located peripherally

Front 88

smooth muscle

Back 88

-cells elongated, spindle shaped, central nucleus
- myocytes surrounded by reticular fibers produced by myocytes
-dense bodies in cytoplasm and membrane are anchor sites for myofilaments
-intermediate filaments link dense bodies to meshwork
- many vesicles present along membrane have role in Ca transport

Front 89

smooth muscle cytoplasm

Back 89

-acidophilic
- many thin (troponin lacking) and few thick (myosin) myofilaments in a non-orderly pattern

Front 90

components of nervous system

Back 90

-neuroglia: supportive cells
- meninges: layers that surround the CNS and the roots of peripheral nerves
- cerebrospinal fluid: present in cavities of the CNS and space within the meninges

Front 91

perkaryon

Back 91

cell body of nerve

Front 92

classification of neurons

Back 92

1. multipolar: one axon and several dendrites
2. bipolar: one axon and one dendrite,
eg retina
3. unipolar/ pseudopolar: one axon that bifurcates into central and peripheral branches, eg sensory ganglia

Front 93

perkaryon nucleus

Back 93

-centrally placed, ovoid or spherical and relatively euchromatic
-eccentrically placed in autonomic ganglia
-prominent nucleolus
-sex chromatin (Barr body) may be evident near nucleolus in cats and rodents

Front 94

perkaryon cytoplasm

Back 94

-chromatophilic/Nissi substance: aggregation of rER and ribosomes
-neurofilaments: cytoskeleton
-microtubules: transport membrane bound organelles
- prominent golgi: secretes NT and neurohormones
-numerous mitochondria
-much lipofucsin (residue of lysosomal activity)

Front 95

dendrites

Back 95

- devoid of golgi complexes
-cytoplasm similar to cell body
-synaptic sites: thick band of e- dense material associated with plasmalemma that represents protein (receptors, channels, enzymes, etc.)
-some have dendritic spines (gemmules): membrane sacs containing dense material

Front 96

axons

Back 96

-long cytoplasmic process
-originates from axon hillock of cell body and ends in terminal branches (telodendrites)
- axoplasm devoid of chromatophilic substance
- terminal bulb: end expansion of terminal branch where NT are packaged and stored within a synaptic vesicle
- secretory vesicles: found in terminal branches, store neuromodulators (augment NT effect) and neurohormones (oxytocin and vasopression in hypothalamic neurons)

Front 97

synapse

Back 97

-sites where contact between 2 neurons or between neurons and other effector cells (eg m and gland) occurs
-formed by presynaptic terminal (telodendron), synaptic cleft (intercellular space) and post synaptic terminal on dendrites (gemmules)

Front 98

types of synapses

Back 98

1. axo-somatic: axon with nerve cell body
2. axo-dendritic: axon with dendrite
3. axo-axonic: axon with axon

Front 99

gliocytes (neuroglial cells) in CMS

Back 99

-structural and functional support
1. astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells derived from neural ectoderm
2. microglial cells from mesoderm

Front 100

gliocytes (neuroglial cells) in PNS

Back 100

-structural and functional support
-neurolemmocytes (schwann): myelinate axons and become satellite cell in ganglia, derived from neural crest

Front 101

astrocytes

Back 101

-star shaped, multiple radiating processes that contain glial filaments (silver stain)
- structural support: binding neurons to capillaries and pia mater
-white matter: processes long, slender and moderately branched
= fibrous astrocytes
- grey matter: processes shorter, branched=protoplasmic astrocytes
-end feet: expansion at end of processes, covering epithelium of vessels of CNS and forming the blood-brain barrier, maintains electrolyte balance

Front 102

oligodendrocytes

Back 102

-few small processes that wrap around CNS axons
-myelin sheath
- insulation

Front 103

neurolemmocytes/ schwann cells

Back 103

-located around axons in the PNS
- myelin sheath interrupted at juncture of adjacent neurolemmocytes= nodes of ranvier
- internode: myelin sheath between nodes

Front 104

microglial cells

Back 104

-small, elongated cells
-elongated chromatophilic nucleus
-short, irregular processes
-phagocytic cells derived from bone marrow

Front 105

ependymal cells

Back 105

-ciliated, cuboidal or columnar
- line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
- facilitate movement of CSF
- choroid plexus epithelium: derived from the ependymal cells, produces CSF

Front 106

PNS

Back 106

-nerve fiber: axon enveloped by neurolemmocytes
-endoneurium: thin layer of CT fibers that surrounds axon
-perineurium: collagenous CT that envelopes fasicles of nerve fibers
-epineurium: CT that binds multiple fascicles
-afferent and efferent nerve fibers

Front 107

autonomic ganglia

Back 107

-accumulations of multipolar nerve cell bodies along the course of autonomic nerves
- eccentric nuclei, marginally distributed Nissi granules
-loosely encapsulated by ganglionic gliocytes

Front 108

sensory ganglia

Back 108

-associated w/ CrN or with dorsal root ganglia
-contain unipolar neurons bifurcating into C and P branches
-satellite cells: ganglionic gliocytes that tightly encapsulate cells bodies

Front 109

location classified receptors

Back 109

1. exteroreceptors: body surface
2. enteroreceptors: viscera
3. proprioceptors: musculoskeletal

Front 110

stimulus classified receptors

Back 110

-mechano
- chemo
- thermo

Front 111

anatomically classified receptors

Back 111

1. nonencapsulated receptors: free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles
2. encapsulated receptors: tactile (Meissner's), lamellar (Paccinian), Bulbous (Krause's) or genital corpuscles, neurotendinous or neuromuscular spindles

Front 112

neuromuscular synapse

Back 112

-efferent terminations
= presynaptic neuronal endplate overlaying postsynaptic muscle sole plate in the mid region of the fiber

Front 113

motor end plate

Back 113

-part of neuromuscular synapse
-formed by very short branches within a circumscribed zone at the end of one terminal branch of an efferent neuron
-each plate lies in the corresponding trough of the muscle sole plate with about 40-50nm neuromuscular gap
-cytoplasm has many mitochondria and synaptic vesicles that contain acetylcholine (ACH)
- ACH releases at active sites, diffuses across neuromuscular gap and binds to a postsynaptic receptor site, leading to muscle fiber depolarization

Front 114

Grey matter of spinal cord

Back 114

-ventral horn: has efferent neurons
- dorsal horn: has interneurons
- lateral horn: sympathetic neurons

Front 115

white matter of spinal cord

Back 115

-dorsal, ventral and lateral funiculi
-ascending and descending tracts
- central canal lined with ependymal cells
- dorsal median septum and ventral median fissure

Front 116

cerebral cortex grey matter layers (superficial- deep)

Back 116

1. molecular: processes of stellate and pyramidal neurons (neuropil) arranged tangentially
2. external granular: small pyramidal
3. external pyramidal: small and medium pyramidal neurons
4. internal granular: small stellate
5. internal pyramidal: med-lrg pyramidal neurons that send axons into white matter
6. fusiform layer: many spindle-shaped neurons

Front 117

cerebral cortex gen

Back 117

-gyri and sulci
- white matter: nerve fibers going from and coming to the cortex

Front 118

cerebellum gen

Back 118

-outer grey and inner white matters are arranged in a highly folded structure called folia
-white matter composed of nerve fibers of the cortex

Front 119

3 layers of cerebellar cortex

Back 119

1. outer molecular: neuropil arranged horizontally
2. inner granular: densely packed small neurons with intensely stained nuclei
3. intermediate purkinje fibers: single layer of piriform cells which send their ramified dendrites into the molecular layer and axons into the white matter

Front 120

meninges

Back 120

-dura mater or pachymenix
- leptomeninges: arachnoid and pia mater
- epidiural space
- subarachnoid space
- CSF: produced by the choroid plexuses in ventricles; by exiting throgh the lateral aperture it enters the subarachnoid space

Front 121

CSF (meninge)

Back 121

-produced by the choroid plexuses in ventricles
-by exiting through the lateral aperture it enters the subarachnoid space
-provides physical protection to the CNS