Histology: Blood / Marrow

Front 1

What is blood?

Back 1

A connective tissue with fluid extracellular matrix.

Front 2

What is plasma? What are the parts?

Back 2

Plasma is Matrix. Fibrinogen, albumin, hormones.

Front 3

What part of plasma aids in clot formation?

Back 3

fibrinogen

Front 4

What is albumin?

Back 4

Made by liver. A colloidal protein that is carrier for hormones,it regulates osmotic pressure in blood.

Front 5

What are blood cells involved in?

Back 5

Maintaining adequate oxygen tension in tissues and homeostasis in of circulatory system. Host defense against microbes.

Front 6

What happens to albumin in malnutrition?

Back 6

Albumin production reduces, get pot belly because albumin isn't available to pull back fluid.

Front 7

Describe erythrocytes.

Back 7

(RBC)- bi concave discs with most surface area to volume to carry dissolved gases to body. Each about 8microns. No nucleus, sac of protein, terminally differentiated. Has enzymes in cytoplasm and rudimentary skeleton. Protein that gives color is hemoglobin, can reversibly bind oxygen. Live 120 days.

Front 8

Describe RBC intravascularity funtion.

Back 8

Work in circulatory system. Absorb high oxygen. Hemo binds 4 oxygen from lung and delivers oxygen to tissue. Oxygen releases and diffused to tissue

Front 9

Describe carbon dioxide affinity.

Back 9

Hemo has such high affinity to carbon dioxide that it is virtually irreversible and causes death b/c lack of oxygen.

Front 10

How do you look at blood?

Back 10

fill it in tube with non-clotting factor and centrifuge.

Front 11

How do you measure hematocrit?

Back 11

Measure before and after centrifuge. Low hematocrit = anemia, high hematocrit=

Front 12

What causes anemia?

Back 12

blood loss, low iron (dietary), blood cell production problem, sickle cell anemia.

Front 13

What is sickle cell anemia?

Back 13

RBC shaped like sickle instead of normal from mutation, causes low oxygen tension due to irreversible polykmerization of hemoglobin when deoxygenated. Problem of passage of RBC through spleen.

Front 14

What are leukocytes? Main function?

Back 14

White blood cells. Do work outside circulation

Front 15

Describe Agranulocytes.

Back 15

agranulocytes without granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes.

Front 16

What are leukocytes?

Back 16

White blood cells.

Front 17

Describe the general properties of leukocytes.

Back 17

They function extravascularly, categorized by presence or lack of granules, participate in immune response.

Front 18

Name two agranular leukocytes?

Back 18

lymphocytes and monocytes.

Front 19

What are the three granular leukocytes?

Back 19

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

Front 20

Visually how does one differentiate between lymphocytes and monocytes?

Back 20

Monocytes have a higher proportion of visible cytoplasm.

Front 21

How does Wright Stain appear of granulocytes?

Back 21

Neutrophils- granules don't stain much, Eosinophils- granules stain red, Basophils- granules stain blue.

Front 22

Describe neutrophils.

Back 22

Nucleus is segmented (also called polymorphonuclear), granules contain degradative and bacteriocidal enzymes, live only a few days, function outside circulatory system, first line of defense, attracted to bacterial products, they crawl, they engulf bacteria then die, neutrophil debris is a major part of pus.

Front 23

Describe eosinophils.

Back 23

Live less than 2 weeks, extravascular function, not very phagocytic, degrade histamine, degrade antigen/antibody complexes, participate in elim of parasites

Front 24

Describe basophils.

Back 24

Distinct large granules, granules contain histamin and heparin. Not very phagocytic, related to mast cells.

Front 25

Describe basophils role in allergic reactions.

Back 25

Basophils have surface receptors for IgE antibody. Cells bind IgE antibodies made by immune system. This triggers release of granule contents. Histamine is responsible for allergy symptoms (increased permeability and gland secretion).

Front 26

Describe monocytes.

Back 26

Large, kidney shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, not many granules in cyto, function extravascularly, circulate in blood for few days and then enter extravas. spaces. Give rise to macrophages. Very phagocytic, longer lifespan than neutrophils.

Front 27

Describe lymphocytes.

Back 27

small cells, mostly nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm, condensed chromatin in nucleus, can undergo proliferation, functions extravascularly in the lymphatic tissue. they migrate into CT associate with epithelium.

Front 28

What are platelets?

Back 28

Small membrane bound cell fragments that function intravascularly. They are derived from megakaryocytes that reside in bone marrow, they possess protein granules for blood clotting, adhesion and repair of damaged vessels.

Front 29

How are blood clots formed?

Back 29

Blood clots are formed by aggregating platelets and fiber forming a thrombus which acts to seal a damaged portion of vessel.

Front 30

What is hematopoieses?

Back 30

Differentiation and production of blood cells.

Front 31

Where does hematopoieses happen?

Back 31

After birth, production of blood happens in the bone marrow of vertabrae, ribs, sternum, pelvis in adults and also in long bones in children.

Front 32

How does hematopoieses change in development?

Back 32

Starts yolk sac, then in fetal liver and finally in bone marrow.

Front 33

What happens if bone marrow function is compromised?

Back 33

Hematopsoieses occurs in the spleen.

Front 34

What is a pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell?

Back 34

A cell that is the pre-cursor to all blood cell types.

Front 35

What are the 4 lineages formed from the pluripotential stem cell?

Back 35

erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, megakaryoctye.

Front 36

Myeloid lineage gives rise to what?

Back 36

Monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.

Front 37

Name the soluble factor that supports hemosopoieses.

Back 37

Erythropoietin in erythrocytes, M-CSF in monocytes, G-CSF in granulocytes, interleukin-7 in lymphocytes, and thrombopoietin in thrombocytes.

Front 38

Name the 6 stages of development of the erythocyte.

Back 38

Proerythrblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte.

Front 39

When would you see many reticulocytes in the body?

Back 39

When there is a great need for erythrocytes, reticulocytes may be brought in before they are fully mature.

Front 40

What are the first two stages of granulocyte development?

Back 40

Myeoblast and promyelocyte.

Front 41

Describe the appearance of a mature basophil?

Back 41

Large, stains blue, apparent granules in cytoplasm.

Front 42

Describe the appearance of a mature neutrophil.

Back 42

Distinctive segmentation in nuclues. Polymorphonuclear.

Front 43

Describe the appearance of a mature eosinophil.

Back 43

Bi-lobed kidney shaped nucleus.