Histology - Blood

Front 1

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Back 1

Both plasma and serum are liquid, acellular portions of the blood. Plasma contains clotting factors like FIBRINOGEN, and water. Serum is the liquid portion that is left after a clot is formed, so FIBRINOGEN is not in the serum, because it is tied up in the clot.

Front 2

the major functions of blood include?

Back 2

gas exchange (O2 carried by hemoglobin, CO2 carried by hemoglobin and plasma); transport of nutrients, wastes, hormones, metabolites, electrolytes, etc.; immune response; regulation of body temperature; maintain homeostasis of body fluid pH and osmotic pressure.

Front 3

___ % of blood volume is plasma

Back 3

55% of blood volume is plasma

Front 4

formed elements make up about __% of total blood volume?

Back 4

formed elements make up about 45% of total blood volume

Front 5

a cubic mm is one ____?

Back 5

a cubic mm is 1 microlitre

Front 6

a cubic cm is one ___?

Back 6

a cubic cm is 1 millilitre

Front 7

There are about ___ red blood cells per microlitre of blood?

Back 7

5 x 10^6 erythrocytes per cubic mm of blood

Front 8

There are about ___ white blood cells per microlitre of blood?

Back 8

5 - 10 x 10^3 leukocytes per cubic mm of blood

Front 9

There are about ____ thrombocytes per microlitre of blood?

Back 9

150 - 200 x 10^3 thrombocytes per cubic mm of blood

Front 10

The average hematocrit level is about ___%

Back 10

average hematocrit = 45%

Front 11

proteins found in plasma are:

Back 11

albumins, fibrinogens, globulins, clotting factors

Front 12

the most prevalent protein in plasma is ____, a very stable protein that maintains the osmolality of blood

Back 12

albumin is the most prevalent protein in blood plasma.

Front 13

what is osmolality?

Back 13

the measure of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Front 14

erythrocytes are about ___ times more abundant in number than the luekocytes

Back 14

700... leukocytes are about 1 / 700 the number of RBCs.

Front 15

blood is a specialized form of connective tissue that derives from the _____ embryonic germ layer.

Back 15

blood derives from the embryonic germ layer MESODERM.

Front 16

of the plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens), which ones are produced by the liver?

Back 16

albumins, the globulins associated with transport and storage proteins like transferrin and ferritin, and fibrinogens.

Front 17

of the plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens), which ones are produced by the lymphocytes?

Back 17

globulins that are related to immunoglobulins

Front 18

_____ is produced in the liver, and its function is to maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport certain insoluble metabolites.

Back 18

albumin is produced in the liver, and its function is to maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport certain insoluble metabolites.

Front 19

____ are produced in the liver, and their function is to transport metal ions, protein bound lipids, lipid soluble vitamins

Back 19

Globulins: alpha and beta globulins are produced in the liver, and their function is to transport metal ions, protein bound lipids, lipid soluble vitamins

Front 20

____ are produced in the plasma cells, and their function is to serve as antibodies of immune defense

Back 20

Globulins: gamma globulin is produced in the plasma cells, and the function is to serve as antibodies of immune defense

Front 21

___ are produced in the liver, and their function is the formation of fibrin threads.

Back 21

Clotting Proteins are produced in the liver, and their function is the formation of fibrin threads.

Front 22

___ are produced in the liver, and their function is innate immunity and the initial immune response / destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammation

Back 22

Complement Proteins are produced in the liver, and their function is innate immunity and the initial immune response / destruction of microorganisms and initiation of inflammation.

Front 23

Plasma is (cellular / acellular). Serum is (cellular / acellular).

Back 23

Plasma and serum are both ACELLULAR.

Front 24

Is plasma or serum from clotted blood?

Back 24

Serum is from clotted blood. (Plasma is NOT from clotted blood).

Front 25

Is fibrinogen present in plasma?

Back 25

Fibrinogen is present in plasma, where it is waiting to make a clot.

Front 26

Is fibrinogen present in serum?

Back 26

Fibrinogen is NOT present in serum, as it is tied up in the clot.

Front 27

which color tubes are used to collect plasma?

Back 27

purple tops and green tops - have anticoagulants...you want to prevent clotting!

Front 28

which color tubes are used to collect serum?

Back 28

red top or any blank tube.

Front 29

red top tubes are used for ____ collection

Back 29

red tops are used for serum collection - when you want the blood to clot

Front 30

green top tubes are coated with ___ and are used for ____ collection

Back 30

green top tubes are coated with heparin salt, an anticoagulant, and are used for plasma collection

Front 31

purple top tubes are coated with ___ and are used for ____ collection

Back 31

purple top tubes are coated with K2EDTA, an anticoagulant, and are used for plasma collection

Front 32

erythrocytes function to: ____ and _____

Back 32

RBCs: gaseous exchange and maintain pH

Front 33

leukocytes function to: _____

Back 33

WBCs: cells of defense and immunity

Front 34

Platelets function to ____ and are fragments of _____

Back 34

platelets function to facilitate blood clotting. they are fragments of megakaryocytes.

Front 35

what is a reticulocyte? What percent of the erythrocyte count should they be?

Back 35

a reticulocyte is an "almost-mature" RBC. is can have a degenerating nucleus or MTC remaining in it, and often stains slightly more grey than a mature RBC. Make up 1% of erythrocyte count in most species.

Front 36

which of the leukocytes are granulocytes?

Back 36

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils are all granulocytes.

Front 37

which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes?

Back 37

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 38

erythrocytes are about ____ µm diameter, ___µm thick at widest point, and about ___µm thick at center.

Back 38

erythrocytes are about 5 to 7 µm diameter, 2 µm thick at widest point, and less than 1µm thick at center.

Front 39

hemoglobin in the ____ binds both ____ and _____

Back 39

hemoglobin in the erythrocyte binds both O2 and CO2.

Front 40

_______ converts CO2 to HCO3-, which is transported across the erythrocyte membrane by _____ protein for exhalation by the lung.

Back 40

carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to HCO3-, which is transported across the erythrocyte membrane by band 3 protein for exhalation by the lung.

Front 41

_____ allows RBCs to pass through capillaries with very small lumens

Back 41

deformability

Front 42

in the RBC, transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton help maintain ______ of the cell, stabilizing it from shearing forces. They permit _____.

Back 42

in the RBC, transmembrane proteins and cytoskeleton help maintain the shape of the cell, stabilizing it from shearing forces. They permit deformability.

Front 43

An example of an RBC cell membrane protein that acts as an ion channel:

Back 43

Na+K+ ATPase

Front 44

The RBC cell membrane protein that anchors ankyrin, hemoglobin and glycolytic enzymes, transports HCO3- (to allow us to expel CO2 from our bodies) is _______

Back 44

Band 3 Protein.

Front 45

Blood type is determined by ____ chains on the cell membrane that act as _____.

Back 45

Blood type is determined by carbohydrate chains on the cell membrane that act as antigens.

Front 46

Human blood types include varites of:

Back 46

ABO groups and Rh groups

Front 47

Dog blood types are:

Back 47

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen (DEA) 1.1+ or 1.1-... about 40% of dogs are 1.1+

Front 48

Cat blood types include:

Back 48

A, B, or AB. A is most common (95%), B is just under 5%, AB is very rare. When in doubt, transfuse A! the first one is free.

Front 49

In almost all species, there are about __ million erythrocytes per microlitre. Except the goat - which has smaller RBCs so they have ___ million RBCs per microlitre.

Back 49

7 million RBC /mm^3 blood

goat = 14 million RBC / mm^3 blood

Front 50

Bovine Erythrocytes live longest at about ___ days

Back 50

160 days

Front 51

Horse and Sheep Erythrocytes live about ___ days

Back 51

140-150 days

Front 52

Goat Erythrocytes live about ___ days

Back 52

106-125 days

Front 53

Dog Erythrocytes live about ___ days

Back 53

110-120 days

Front 54

Pig Erythrocytes live about ___ days

Back 54

86 days

Front 55

Cat Erythrocytes live about ___ days

Back 55

66-79 days - the shortest

Front 56

Anisocytosis (anisocyte)

Back 56

variation in the size of erythrocytes

Front 57

basophilia

Back 57

1) a condition in which basophils are increased in number. 2) erythrocytes that show no trace of characteristic hemoglobin color and the cytoplasm shows a strong affinity for basophilic dyes. cytoplasm stains variable blues.

Front 58

Basophilic stippling

Back 58

erythrocytes that show blue-staining, basophilic granules scattered throughout.

Front 59

crenation

Back 59

shrinkage of cells in a hypertonic solution, causing prickly shape (echinocytes).

Front 60

erythrocytic hypoplasia

Back 60

hypoplasia of the erythrocytic series only, and indicates a selective depression of erythrogenesis.

Front 61

erythrocytopenia

Back 61

a decrease in the number of erythrocytes in the blood.

Front 62

erythrocytosis

Back 62

the presence of an increased RBC count above normal and associated with increased total blood volume.

Front 63

erythropoiesis

Back 63

the process of the production of erythrocytes

Front 64

hemoglobinemia

Back 64

a condition in which the hemoglobin is dissolved out of the erythrocytes and is in solution in the plasma

Front 65

hemolysis

Back 65

destruction of RBCs with release of hemoglobin into the medium in which RBCs are suspended

Front 66

Howell-Jolly bodies

Back 66

small, round, densely staining bodies in the erythrocytes that are considered to be nuclear remnants.

Front 67

hyperchromasia/ hyperchromatic

Back 67

cells of the erythrocytic series that seem to have a more intense hemoglobin color. NEVER due to an increased concentration of hemoglobin, but always to an increased thickness of the cell observed.

Front 68

hypochromasia/ hypochromatic

Back 68

cells of the erythrocytic series that seem to have a less intense hemoglobin color. this may be due to decreased thickness of the cell, or decreased concentration of hemoglobin, or both.

Front 69

leptocyte

Back 69

a thin erythrocyte of decreased volume in relationship to its diameter, often characterized by its abnormality of shape

Front 70

macrocyte

Back 70

RBC with a large diameter

Front 71

microcyte

Back 71

RBC with a small diameter

Front 72

normochromasia / normochromatic

Back 72

RBC which appear to have their full complement of hemoglobin, normal staining characteristics.

Front 73

normocyte

Back 73

an RBC with a normal diameter

Front 74

oligemia

Back 74

a state in which the total quantity of blood is diminished

Front 75

Poikilocytosis (Poikilocyte)

Back 75

erythrocytes with abnormal shapes. do not confuse with distortion from faulty slide prep. tear drop shaped, or differing sizes

Front 76

polychromasia, polychromatic, polychromatophilia

Back 76

words used to describe erythrocytes that show a faint bluish tint due to an admixture of the characteristic colors of hemoglobin and basophilic cytoplasm.

Front 77

polycythemia

Back 77

a state of the blood characterized by increased number of erythrocytes

Front 78

reticulocyte

Back 78

any non-nucleated cell of the erythrocytic series in which one or more granules or a diffuse network of fibrils are discernable

Front 79

sedimentation rate

Back 79

the rate at which erythrocytes will fall in their own plasma in a given time

Front 80

siderocyte

Back 80

an erythrocyte in which blue granules, 1 to 20 or more in number, can be demonstrated by the prussian blue reaction

Front 81

target cell

Back 81

an erythrocyte with a central rounded area of pigmented material, surrounded by a clear zone without pigment, and a dense ring of cytoplasm around the periphery of the erythrocyte.

Front 82

List cells of the blood in order from most to least frequent:

Back 82

erythrocytes (by at least 1000 times), Neutrophils, Leukocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils (never let monkeys eat bananas).

Front 83

what is the general function of leukocytes? where do they perform their function?

Back 83

defense/immunity. perform their function outside of the blood vessels.

Front 84

Lysosomes are _____ granules

Back 84

lysosomes are primary granules - all leukocytes have them.

Front 85

all leukocytes have _____ granules, but only _____ have ______ granules

Back 85

all leukocytes have primary/nonspecific granules, but only granulocytes have secondary/specific granules.

Front 86

list all the names for primary granules

Back 86

primary granules, non-specific granules, azurophilic granules, lysosomes

Front 87

which leukocytes are the agranulocytes?

Back 87

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 88

which leukocytes are the granulocytes?

Back 88

neutrophils (PMNs), basophils, and eosinophils

Front 89

in most species, the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is _____. which species is the exception?

Back 89

in most species, the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is 2:1.... 60% to 30%.... cows & sheep are the exception with 30% to 60% neut:lymph

Front 90

Cows and sheep have a ratio of ___ neutrophils to ___ lymphocytes.

Back 90

Cows and sheep have a ratio of 30% neutrophils to 60% lymphocytes.

Front 91

a small percentage of ____ will have a ______, the female's inactive X chromosome (barr body).

Back 91

a small percentage of neutrophils will have a drumstick chromosome, the female's inactive X chromosome (barr body).

Front 92

what is the function of the neutrophil?

Back 92

neutrophils phagocytose and destroy bacteria, also called microphages. attracted to the site of bacterial invasion by chemotactic factors. they kill bacteria by phagocytosis and the release of lysosomal enzymes and production of reactive oxygen species.

Front 93

neutrophils' non-specific granules contain substances to ______

Back 93

neutrophils' non-specific granules contain substances to modulate the inflammatory response

Front 94

neutrophils' specific granules' contents are released into the _____

Back 94

neutrophils' specific granules' contents are released into the Extracellular matrix...they allow the neutrophil to do its job.

Front 95

what forms pus?

Back 95

neutrophils die after killing bacteria, forming pus.