Histology Blood

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* Is a specialized CT – has intercellular substance (plasma), fibers (present during blood clotting) and cells
* Functions in transport – gasses, nutrients, wastes, cells and hormones

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Blood

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* Largely water with inorganic salts and plasma proteins including:
* Albumins
* Globulins
* Fibrinogen – a soluble protein that becomes insoluble (fibrin) during clot formation

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Plasma

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3 classes of blood cells

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* red blood cells (RBC, erythrocytes)
* white blood cells (WBC, leukocytes)
* platelets (thrombocytes)

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* Function in the transport
* Most numerous (5 million/ul)
* Are biconcave (best shape for max surface area/volume), ~7 um diameter
* No nucleus or other organelles
* Contain hemoglobin – protein with an iron pigment

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Erythrocytes

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function of hemoglobin

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binds O2, loading O2 in the lungs and unloading it in other parts of the body

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Immature RBC are called

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reticulocytes

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erythrocytes

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* Are 5 types of cells organized into 2 groups based on the presence/absence of specific granules in the cytoplasm

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Leukocytes

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have granules that stain specifically with certain dyes and are called granulocytes

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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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are considered agranulocytes

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Lymphocytes and monocytes

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Neutrophils

* Nucleus typically has 2-5 lobes joined by thin strands
* Cytoplasm has granules that consist of a variety of enzymes
* Highly motile and phagocytic

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function of neutrophils

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* Function in defense against bacterial infections (phagocytize bacteria)

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Eosinophils

* Bilobed nucleus but hard to see
* Large granules that stain bright red with eosin - contain major basic protein which kills parasitic worms therefore defend against parasitic infections

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Basophils

* Least commom WBC (<1%)
* 12-15 um diameter
* Have large basophilic granules of histamine and heparin

which usually obstruct the appearance of the nucleus having two or three irregular lobes.

* Curved or bilobed nucleus obscured by granules
* Involved in allergic reactions

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function of basophils

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* Involved in allergic reactions

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Lymphocytes

* Round, densely stained nucleus with a rim of pale cytoplasm
* Are involved in immunological defense against invading microorganisms, antigens, and cancer cells

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Monocytes

* Large, horseshoe-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus and pale cytoplasm
* After leaving the blood, monocytes differentiate to tissue macrophages
* Motile and highly phagocytic

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Platelets

* Also called thrombocytes
* Are irregular-shaped cell fragments that arise from a megakaryocyte in bone marrow

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* Functions of platelets

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* 1) form a plug where a vessel is damaged
* to rapidly release the content of their granules to begin the process of clot formation
* 2) platelets in the plug release ADP and adhesive glycoprotein to induce platelet aggregation

3) promote formation of fibrin to form a clot

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Clotting factors are required from:

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a) Platelets
b) Damaged cells
c) Plasma