Histology - Blood

Front 1

Thrombocyte Count

Back 1

Thrombocyte Count:

150,000 - 350,000 per microliter

Front 2

Leukocyte Count

Back 2

Leukocyte Count:

4,500 - 8,000 per microliter

Front 3

Erythrocyte Count

Back 3

Erythrocyte Count:

4.5 - 5.5 million per microliter
7-8 micrometer diameter
(capillary d = 5-7)
Volume ~90 femtoliters

Front 4

Hemoglobin

Back 4

Blood: 16g/100 mL (16%)
40% of RBC volume

Front 5

Hematocrit

Back 5

44%

Front 6

Anemia Types:

Back 6

Anemia:

*Decreased oxygen carrying capacity (hemoglobin)

1.) Hemorrhagic
2.) Defective Erythropoietic (megaloblastic - pernicious)
3.) Hemolytic (malaria, sickle cell)

Front 7

Polycythemia

Back 7

Polycythemia:

*Too many RBCs - increased viscosity

1.) Primary - tumor like, unregulated
2.) Secondary - regulated response to hypoxia
3.) Relative - patient losing plasma but not RBCs

Front 8

Leukocytes:
Types & Abundance

Back 8

1.) Granulocytes:
a.) Neutrophil Granulocytes (50-70%, 12-15 micrometers)
b.) Eosinophil Granulocytes (2-4%, 12-17 micrometers)
c.) Basophil Granulocytes (0.5-1%, 10-12 micrometers)

2.) Agranulocytes
d.) Monocytes (2-8%, 12-20 micrometers)
e.) Lymphocytes (30-40%, 6-15 micrometers)

Front 9

Neutrophil Granulocyte

Back 9

Neutrophil Granulocyte:

50-70%
Phagocytes
6-7 hrs in circulation, 1-4 days in peripheral tissue
highly lobulated nucleus
fine granules

Front 10

Diapedesis: Steps

Back 10

Diapedesis:

*Process by which WBCs "crawl" out of the vasculature into peripheral tissue
1.) Margination
2.) Adhesion
3.) Transmigration

Front 11

Eosinophil Granulocyte

Back 11

Eosinophil Granulocyte:

-2-4%
-Parasite & Allergy response - release toxic protein
-Typically 2 lobules to nucleus
-"Major Basic Protein" - Crystalline Core

Front 12

Basophil Granulocyte (Mast Cell)

Back 12

Basophil Granulocyte (Mast Cells):

-0.5-1%
-Inflammatory Response
-Release Histamine & Heparin
-Huge dark granules
-Nucleus obscured (would have 2 lobules)

Front 13

Monocytes

Back 13

Monocytes:

-2-8%
-Antigen Presenting Cells (Phagocytosis first)
-Start a "new life" in peripheral tissues:
-Liver: Kupffer Cells
-CNS: Microglial Cells
-Alveolar (Lung): Macrophage
-Skin/CT: Langerhorn
-huge cell
-U-shaped (or kidney bean) nucleus
-Agranular (no "specific granules"

Front 14

Lymphocytes

Back 14

Lymphocytes:

-30-40%
-B&T: humoral & cellular response
-NK: non-specific immunity
-round nucleus
-narrow cytoplasm (surrounding nucleus)
-no visible granules

Front 15

Leukopenia

Back 15

Leukopenia:

-WBC count too low

Front 16

Leukocytosis

Back 16

Leukocytosis:

-WBC count too high
-often a regulated response to something (infection, etc)

Front 17

Leukemia

Back 17

Leukemia:

-WBC count far too high (up to 500,000 per microliter)
-unregulated tumor-like overproduction
-lack production of other components (RBC, thrombocytes)
Types:
-Myeloid = granulocyte overproduction
-Lymphoid = lymphocyte overproduction

Front 18

Thrombocytes

Back 18

Thrombocytes:

-150,000-350,000 per microliter
-important for Hemostasis (arrest of bleeding)
-fragments of megakaryocytes
-no nucleus/organelles

-Two major Components:
1.) Contractile Elements
-Actin & Myosin
-Can contract like muscle
2.) Granules, containing Thrombocyte Factors
-important for thrombocyte plug, hemostasis
-ADP
-Thromboxane-A2
-Serotonin
-Platelet derived growth factor

Granulomere (inner zone) & Hyalomere (outer zone)

Front 19

Hemostasis

Back 19

Hemostasis: Arrest of Bleeding

1.) Vasoconstriction

2.) Formation of Platelet Plug
a.) Exposed collagen bind & activate platelets
b.) Release of platelet factors
c.) Attracts more platelets
d.) Aggregate into platelet plug

3.) Blood Coagulation
-cascade activation of clotting factors
-result: insoluble fibrin network

4.) Clot Retraction --> Tissue Repair

Front 20

Hemostasis Pathology

Back 20

1.) Excessive Bleeding
-Thrombocytopenia [<50k PFs]
-Hemophilia
-Vitamin K deficiency
-Liver disease

2.) Thromboembolic Conditions
-Thrombus: abnormal clot in blood vessel
-Embolus: runaway thrombus

3.) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
-intravascular coagulation
-Platelet Factors depleted
-Excessive bleeds