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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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oral cavity - what important kinds of mucosa are present?
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lining mucose and masticatory mucosa.
masticatory is on the gums, hard palate, and dorsum of tongue (think of the tough parts) - this is keratinized. lining mucosa - this is on the cheeks, lips, floor mouth, everywhere 'cept the gums and hard palate. NON keratanized. exception is the area at the vermilion of the lip - where it meets the facial skin. |
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what covers the tongue?
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mucous projections called papillae.
1. filiform papillae: no taste buds, cover entire tongue, point backwards. 2. fungiform papillae: yes taste buds, look like mushroom tops 3. foliate papillae - yes taste buds, not a lot in humans, line the lateral edge of tongue pointing outwards 4. circumvallate papillae: 8-12 big round papillae at the back of the tongue. yes taste buds. surrounded by a moat! (rampart) |
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what are the teeth layers?
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enamel - hardest substance in body, can't be re-formed once its made
dentin - most abundant cementin - covers root to anchor it into the bone (which is primary or woven bone) pulp cavity - leads to the apical foramen which contains nerves and blood supply. |
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what should we remember about enamel? what forms it?
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lines of retzius - striations on the enamel from the development
enamel tufts - areas of failed calcification made of hydroxyapetite crystals! made by the ectoderm enamel organ. |
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what makes dentin?
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mineralized, but still harder than bone. calcified. contains collagen (enamel as NO collagen).
70% hydroxyapetite crystals, 30% collagen. made by odontoblasts...which persist and make more all the time note that need to have dentin before you get enamel - so the odontoblast kinda initiates enamel secretion. |
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what does the parotid gland look like? what does it make?
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all serous glands - so lots of protein in what they make. they stain darkly
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what's up with the parotid gland?
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up under the zygomatic arch, exclusively serous secretions (no mucous!). so, uniformly dark.
has both large, striated ducts and small, intercalated ducts |
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what's up with the submandibular gland?
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has both serous and mucous sections.
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what's up with the sublingual gland?
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totally mucous.
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what's fun about the muscularis mucosa of the oral cavity?
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doesn't exist.
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face to vermilion to vestibule: what can you see different?
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go from keratinized to parakeratainized at the vermillion. at this transition, there are relatively shallow projections of CT up through the epi (looks ridged). still have STRATUM GRANULOUSUM (dark-staining cells right at the top of the epi).
transition from vermilion to vestibule: STRATUM GRANULOUSUM ENDS. Epi gets thicker. |
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RBF and GFR, sympathetics and EPI. what's up?
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sympathetic response: initially, b1 receptors on the juxtaglomerular cells cause renin release.
moderate sympathetics: start affecting Alpha 1's on afferent and efferents, dropping RBF and GFR (RBF more). Lots of sympa: affect KF, drop GFR dramatically. Epinephrine: only vasoactive effects on alpha 1 receptors to lower GFR and RBF. GFR stays constant a low epi, drops a lot at high epi. |
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late convoluted tubule/CD; what three things affect sodium absorption?
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Increase Na/Cl reabsorption by HYPERKALEMIA
INCREASED flow and Aldosterone. |
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what's the ring of lymphoid tissue in the mouth called?
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waldeyer's ring.
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go through the tooth layers:
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outside is enamel, then dentin (most abundant), then at the bottom there's cementum keeping it all glued in the alveolous and in to the peridontal membrane.
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talk about enamel: organization, where it comes from, cells...
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acellular.
no collagen. 95% hydroxyapetite crystals. made by ecodermally-derived enamel organ. also made by AMELIOBLASTS (same thing as organ?). once it's made, can't be made again. Ameloblasts are tall columnar cells, with TOMES processes, infuse alkaline phosphotase. |
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where can you find hydroxyapetite crystals?
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enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone.
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what triggers dentin formation?
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loss of enamel
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what does vitamin c deficiency cause?
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deficiency in sharpey's fibers, which connect cementum to the peridontal membrane.
note that sharpey's fibers are inside the peridontal membrane/ligament. shock absorbers. made of COLLAGEN |
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what kind of bone do teeth sit in?
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woven bone (primary)
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arrangement of the esophagus: what's weird about it?
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there are glands in the submucosa - this and the duodenum are the only places where it happens.
in the esophagus, these glands are mucous, pepsinogen, and lysozyme |
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stomach: where are the goblet cells?
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no goblet cells in stomach.
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what are the cell layers are you descend into the pits?
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at the top are mucous cells.
then, it's mucous neck cells intersperced with parietal cells. then it's chief cells at very bottom are argentaffin (enteroendorcine cells). |
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how can you tell apart cells in the stomach?
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going down a pit:
at the top, everything's surface mucous. lighter staining, purple. get into the neck, the ones that look like that but smaller are mucous neck. then get into the very bottom, darker=blue cells that look like mucous cells are actually CHIEF CELLS. parietal cells are kinda pink. |
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what's different about the pylorus and fundic portions of the stomach?
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this is the ration thing:
short pits, long glands in the fundus. evenly sized pits and glands in the pylorus. |
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tell me about surface mucosal cells: contrast to mucous neck.
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no microvili, make SERIOUS BICARB amounts
mucous neck cells: shorter, more r ER and more bsophilic. MUCOUS secretion is under vagal control so between meals. So, no mucous made in the resting stomach. |
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parietal cells: what's up? how about the BL membrane?
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lots of mitochondria (carbonic anhydrase requires ATP to get going). prominent sER
make intrinsic factor and HCl the BL membrane has special receptors for gastrin, histamine, and Ach: these cause release of acid, KCl, and intrinsic factr |
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how about chief cells? what do they produce?
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basally located nuclei, lots of ribosomes, make PEPSIN.
near base of glands., STRONGLY BASOPHILIC. produces PEPSIN and a weak LIPASE. some animals make RENNIN here to curdle milk. |
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what cells aren't found at the pyloric part of the stomach?
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chief cells of parietal cells.
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what/where bruner's glands?
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they live in the submucosa of the duodenum: identify the stomach/duodenum junction.
they secrete high bicarb secretions to protect pancreatic enzymes so they can do their job. |
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what does a panneth cell?
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panneth are not in the stomach, mostly in the small intestine, and some in the colon.
at the very bottom of a pit, EOSINOPHILIC GRANULES (pink). secretes lysozyme, antimicrobial, can phagocytoze, big portion of bacteria-mediation in the small intestine. Alpha defensins. |
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what are the cell types we care about in the small intestine?
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enterocytes, goblet cells, panneth cells, stem cells, endocrine cells, M cells (antigen presenting cells).
goblet cells are our mucous cells in the small intestine - there are no others. |
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how can you identify the ilium?
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peyer's patches in between the mucosa and submucosa
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physical features of large intestine?
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not much of a lamia propria (vili sit right on MM), flat vili, apical cells,
NO PLICAE FOLDS ('cept in rectum) 2 cell types: goblet cells and columnar absorptive (h20). they each make up 50% also, stem cells and enteroendocrine and scattered lymphocytes. |
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what are the crypts in large intestine?
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Crypts of LIEBERKUHN
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what's fun about the anal canal
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squamous epithelium returns.
also, you loose your muscularis mucosa (you're not absorbing anymore). |
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what's up with sympathetic innervation of the pancreas?
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it increases blood flow to it. para makes it secrete (acinar and other)
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galbladder - what's missing?
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no muscularis mucosa OR submucosa : the lamina propia backs up immediately into the muscularis externa.
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